APO RESEARCH · REPORT
3C EMS and ODM
3C EMS and ODM is a software, technical-service or implementation offering with the deliverable named in the catalogue.

Product & engineering
Understand the product.
Inputs, delivered outputs, workflow, supported interfaces and acceptance criteria define the commercial boundary. Software subscriptions, project work, hardware and managed services should be counted separately unless the edition explicitly combines them.
The commercial boundary
Separate project work, software subscriptions, supplied hardware and continuing services unless the selected edition explicitly combines their revenues. The deliverable and acceptance criteria define the purchased scope.
Which inputs, outputs and implementation services are included?
Inputs, delivered outputs, workflow, supported interfaces and acceptance criteria define the commercial boundary. Software subscriptions, project work, hardware and managed services should be counted separately unless the edition explicitly combines them.
Selected research
Industry Research
3C EMS and ODM Industry Research Report 2026
Market perspective
The global 3C EMS and ODM market was valued at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
The North America market for 3C EMS and ODM is forecast to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, corresponding to a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
The Europe market for 3C EMS and ODM is projected to rise from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, registering a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
Read the full market overview
The Asia Pacific market for 3C EMS and ODM is expected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
Leading global manufacturers of 3C EMS and ODM include , among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
Report Scope
This report quantifies the global 3C EMS and ODM market in revenue (US$ million) and, where applicable, sales volume (k units), using 2025 as the base year and providing annual historical and forecast data for 2021–2032.
It standardizes definitions of types and applications, harmonizes vendor attribution, and presents comparable time series by company, type, application, and region/country, including indicative price bands (US$/k units) and concentration ratios (CR5/CR10).
The outputs are intended to support strategy development, budgeting, and performance benchmarking for manufacturers, new entrants, channel partners, and investors; the report also reviews technology shifts and notable product introductions relevant to 3C EMS and ODM.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section profiles leading manufacturers, combining 2021–2025 results with a 2026–2032 outlook. It reports revenue, market share, price bands, product and application mix, regional and channel mix, and key developments (M&A, capacity additions, certifications). It also provides global revenue, average price, and—where applicable—sales volume by manufacturer, and calculates CR5/CR10 and rank changes to support comparative benchmarking.
3C EMS and ODM Market by Company
Foxconn
Compal
Pegatron
Quanta
Jabil
Flextronics
Luxshare
Wistron
Inventec
BYD Electronics
Huaqin
Wingtech
New KINPO
Qisda Corporation
Sanmina
USI
Celestica
PLEXUS
Kaifa
Benchmark
SIIX
Fabrinet
Zollner
Venture
Longcheer
MiTAC
UMC
3C EMS and ODM Segment by Type
EMS
ODM
3C EMS and ODM Segment by Application
Computer
Communications
Consumer Electronics
3C EMS and ODM Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global 3C EMS and ODM market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of 3C EMS and ODM and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of 3C EMS and ODM.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Research objectives, research methods, data sources, data cross-validation;
Chapter 2: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of 3C EMS and ODM manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 5: Production/output, value of 3C EMS and ODM by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 6: Consumption of 3C EMS and ODM in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 8: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- EMS
- ODM
Applications
- Computer
- Communications
- Consumer Electronics
Companies covered
- Foxconn
- Compal
- Pegatron
- Quanta
- Jabil
- Flextronics
- Luxshare
- Wistron
- Inventec
- BYD Electronics
- Huaqin
- Wingtech
- New KINPO
- Qisda Corporation
- Sanmina
- USI
- Celestica
- PLEXUS
- Kaifa
- Benchmark
- SIIX
- Fabrinet
- Zollner
- Venture
- Longcheer
- MiTAC
- UMC
Inside the report.
1 Preface
- 1.1 Scope of Report
- 1.2 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 1.3 Research Methodology
- 1.4 Research Process
- 1.5 Data Source
- 1.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 1.5.2 Primary Sources
2 Market Overview
- 2.1 Product Definition
- 2.2 3C EMS and ODM by Type
- 2.2.1 Market Value Comparison by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.2.2 EMS
- 2.2.3 ODM
- 2.3 3C EMS and ODM by Application
- 2.3.1 Market Value Comparison by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.3.2 Computer
- 2.3.3 Communications
- 2.3.4 Consumer Electronics
- 2.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 2.4.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.3 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.4 Global 3C EMS and ODM Market Average Price (2021-2032)
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
- 3.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global 3C EMS and ODM Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global 3C EMS and ODM Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global 3C EMS and ODM Key Manufacturers, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global 3C EMS and ODM Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global 3C EMS and ODM Manufacturers Established Date
- 3.8 Global 3C EMS and ODM Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.9 Global Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisition
4 Manufacturers Profiled
- 4.1 Foxconn
- 4.1.1 Foxconn 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.1.2 Foxconn 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.1.3 Foxconn 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.1.4 Foxconn Product Portfolio
- 4.1.5 Foxconn Recent Developments
- 4.2 Compal
- 4.2.1 Compal 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.2.2 Compal 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.2.3 Compal 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.2.4 Compal Product Portfolio
- 4.2.5 Compal Recent Developments
- 4.3 Pegatron
- 4.3.1 Pegatron 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.3.2 Pegatron 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.3.3 Pegatron 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3.4 Pegatron Product Portfolio
- 4.3.5 Pegatron Recent Developments
- 4.4 Quanta
- 4.4.1 Quanta 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.4.2 Quanta 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.4.3 Quanta 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.4.4 Quanta Product Portfolio
- 4.4.5 Quanta Recent Developments
- 4.5 Jabil
- 4.5.1 Jabil 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.5.2 Jabil 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.5.3 Jabil 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.5.4 Jabil Product Portfolio
- 4.5.5 Jabil Recent Developments
- 4.6 Flextronics
- 4.6.1 Flextronics 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.6.2 Flextronics 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.6.3 Flextronics 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.6.4 Flextronics Product Portfolio
- 4.6.5 Flextronics Recent Developments
- 4.7 Luxshare
- 4.7.1 Luxshare 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.7.2 Luxshare 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.7.3 Luxshare 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.7.4 Luxshare Product Portfolio
- 4.7.5 Luxshare Recent Developments
- 4.8 Wistron
- 4.8.1 Wistron 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.8.2 Wistron 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.8.3 Wistron 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.8.4 Wistron Product Portfolio
- 4.8.5 Wistron Recent Developments
- 4.9 Inventec
- 4.9.1 Inventec 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.9.2 Inventec 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.9.3 Inventec 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.9.4 Inventec Product Portfolio
- 4.9.5 Inventec Recent Developments
- 4.10 BYD Electronics
- 4.10.1 BYD Electronics 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.10.2 BYD Electronics 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.10.3 BYD Electronics 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.10.4 BYD Electronics Product Portfolio
- 4.10.5 BYD Electronics Recent Developments
- 4.11 Huaqin
- 4.11.1 Huaqin 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.11.2 Huaqin 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.11.3 Huaqin 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.11.4 Huaqin Product Portfolio
- 4.11.5 Huaqin Recent Developments
- 4.12 Wingtech
- 4.12.1 Wingtech 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.12.2 Wingtech 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.12.3 Wingtech 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.12.4 Wingtech Product Portfolio
- 4.12.5 Wingtech Recent Developments
- 4.13 New KINPO
- 4.13.1 New KINPO 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.13.2 New KINPO 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.13.3 New KINPO 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.13.4 New KINPO Product Portfolio
- 4.13.5 New KINPO Recent Developments
- 4.14 Qisda Corporation
- 4.14.1 Qisda Corporation 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.14.2 Qisda Corporation 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.14.3 Qisda Corporation 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.14.4 Qisda Corporation Product Portfolio
- 4.14.5 Qisda Corporation Recent Developments
- 4.15 Sanmina
- 4.15.1 Sanmina 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.15.2 Sanmina 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.15.3 Sanmina 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.15.4 Sanmina Product Portfolio
- 4.15.5 Sanmina Recent Developments
- 4.16 USI
- 4.16.1 USI 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.16.2 USI 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.16.3 USI 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.16.4 USI Product Portfolio
- 4.16.5 USI Recent Developments
- 4.17 Celestica
- 4.17.1 Celestica 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.17.2 Celestica 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.17.3 Celestica 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.17.4 Celestica Product Portfolio
- 4.17.5 Celestica Recent Developments
- 4.18 PLEXUS
- 4.18.1 PLEXUS 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.18.2 PLEXUS 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.18.3 PLEXUS 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.18.4 PLEXUS Product Portfolio
- 4.18.5 PLEXUS Recent Developments
- 4.19 Kaifa
- 4.19.1 Kaifa 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.19.2 Kaifa 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.19.3 Kaifa 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.19.4 Kaifa Product Portfolio
- 4.19.5 Kaifa Recent Developments
- 4.20 Benchmark
- 4.20.1 Benchmark 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.20.2 Benchmark 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.20.3 Benchmark 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.20.4 Benchmark Product Portfolio
- 4.20.5 Benchmark Recent Developments
- 4.21 SIIX
- 4.21.1 SIIX 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.21.2 SIIX 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.21.3 SIIX 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.21.4 SIIX Product Portfolio
- 4.21.5 SIIX Recent Developments
- 4.22 Fabrinet
- 4.22.1 Fabrinet 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.22.2 Fabrinet 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.22.3 Fabrinet 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.22.4 Fabrinet Product Portfolio
- 4.22.5 Fabrinet Recent Developments
- 4.23 Zollner
- 4.23.1 Zollner 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.23.2 Zollner 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.23.3 Zollner 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.23.4 Zollner Product Portfolio
- 4.23.5 Zollner Recent Developments
- 4.24 Venture
- 4.24.1 Venture 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.24.2 Venture 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.24.3 Venture 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.24.4 Venture Product Portfolio
- 4.24.5 Venture Recent Developments
- 4.25 Longcheer
- 4.25.1 Longcheer 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.25.2 Longcheer 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.25.3 Longcheer 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.25.4 Longcheer Product Portfolio
- 4.25.5 Longcheer Recent Developments
- 4.26 MiTAC
- 4.26.1 MiTAC 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.26.2 MiTAC 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.26.3 MiTAC 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.26.4 MiTAC Product Portfolio
- 4.26.5 MiTAC Recent Developments
- 4.27 UMC
- 4.27.1 UMC 3C EMS and ODM Company Information
- 4.27.2 UMC 3C EMS and ODM Business Overview
- 4.27.3 UMC 3C EMS and ODM Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.27.4 UMC Product Portfolio
- 4.27.5 UMC Recent Developments
5 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Region
- 5.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.2.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.2.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.4 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.4.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.4.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.5 Global 3C EMS and ODM Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2026)
- 5.6 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production and Value, YOY Growth
- 5.6.1 North America 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.2 Europe 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.3 China 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.4 Japan 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.5 South Korea 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
6 Global 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Region
- 6.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
- 6.2.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Region: 2021-2026
- 6.2.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Forecasted Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
- 6.3 North America
- 6.3.1 North America 3C EMS and ODM Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.3.2 North America 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.3.3 United States
- 6.3.4 Canada
- 6.3.5 Mexico
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe 3C EMS and ODM Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.4.2 Europe 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.4.3 Germany
- 6.4.4 France
- 6.4.5 U.K.
- 6.4.6 Italy
- 6.4.7 Russia
- 6.4.8 Spain
- 6.4.9 Netherlands
- 6.4.10 Switzerland
- 6.4.11 Sweden
- 6.4.12 Poland
- 6.5 Asia Pacific
- 6.5.1 Asia Pacific 3C EMS and ODM Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.5.2 Asia Pacific 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.5.3 China
- 6.5.4 Japan
- 6.5.5 South Korea
- 6.5.6 India
- 6.5.7 Australia
- 6.5.8 Taiwan
- 6.5.9 Southeast Asia
- 6.6 South America, Middle East & Africa
- 6.6.1 South America, Middle East & Africa 3C EMS and ODM Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.6.2 South America, Middle East & Africa 3C EMS and ODM Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.6.3 Brazil
- 6.6.4 Argentina
- 6.6.5 Chile
- 6.6.6 Turkey
- 6.6.7 GCC Countries
7 Segment by Type
- 7.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.1.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Type (2021-2032) & (k units)
- 7.1.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 7.2.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Global 3C EMS and ODM Price by Type (2021-2032)
8 Segment by Application
- 8.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.1.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production by Application (2021-2032) & (k units)
- 8.1.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 8.2.2 Global 3C EMS and ODM Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Global 3C EMS and ODM Price by Application (2021-2032)
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis of the Market
- 9.1 3C EMS and ODM Value Chain Analysis
- 9.1.1 3C EMS and ODM Key Raw Materials
- 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.1.3 3C EMS and ODM Production Mode & Process
- 9.2 3C EMS and ODM Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 9.2.2 3C EMS and ODM Distributors
- 9.2.3 3C EMS and ODM Customers
10 Global 3C EMS and ODM Analyzing Market Dynamics
- 10.1 3C EMS and ODM Industry Trends
- 10.2 3C EMS and ODM Industry Drivers
- 10.3 3C EMS and ODM Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 10.4 3C EMS and ODM Industry Restraints
11 Report Conclusion
12 Disclaimer
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