Selected research
Industry Growth & Trends
Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2032
Market perspective
The global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor market was valued at US$ million in 2026 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of xx% over 2026-2032.
The North America market for Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, corresponding to a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The Europe market for Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, registering a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Read the full market overview
The Asia Pacific market for Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Leading global manufacturers of Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor include Sony, Canon, GalaxyCore Inc., OmniVision, ON Semiconductor, Teledyne, PixelPlus, Samsung and ST, among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
Report Scope
This report provides a structured, data-driven view of the global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor market, combining harmonized quantitative metrics with targeted qualitative insight to support business and growth strategy, market positioning, and capital allocation.
The Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor market size, estimates, and forecasts are presented in terms of sales volume (k units) and revenue (US$ million), with 2025 as the base year and historical and forecast data for 2021-2032. The report segments the global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor market by Type, Application, region/country, and company, provides regional market sizes at the segment level, profiles the competitive landscape and key players and their market ranks, and reviews technology trends and new product developments relevant to Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section analyzes the strategies and performance of leading manufacturers in the global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor market, including portfolio focus, innovation and product development, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion used to sustain or enhance competitive positions. It also summarizes recent corporate developments and key financial indicators and provides global revenue, price, and sales volume data by manufacturer for 2020-2025, enabling benchmarking of scale, pricing, and market share and supporting assessment of market concentration through indicators such as CR5 and CR10.
Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market by Company
Sony
Canon
GalaxyCore Inc.
OmniVision
ON Semiconductor
Teledyne
PixelPlus
Samsung
ST
Toshiba
SK Hynix
Panasonic
Smartsens
Hamamatsu
Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Segment by Type
Passive Pixel Sensor CMOS
Active Pixel Sensor CMOS
Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Segment by Application
Cameras
Automotive
Industrial
Mobile Phone
Security & Surveillance
Biotechnology
PC
Others
Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Passive Pixel Sensor CMOS
- Active Pixel Sensor CMOS
Applications
- Cameras
- Automotive
- Industrial
- Mobile Phone
- Security & Surveillance
- Biotechnology
- PC
- Others
Companies covered
- Sony
- Canon
- GalaxyCore Inc.
- OmniVision
- ON Semiconductor
- Teledyne
- PixelPlus
- Samsung
- ST
- Toshiba
- SK Hynix
- Panasonic
- Smartsens
- Hamamatsu
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.3 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market by Type
- 1.3.1 Passive Pixel Sensor CMOS
- 1.3.2 Active Pixel Sensor CMOS
- 1.4 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Type
- 1.4.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Historic Market Size Review by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
- 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
- 1.5.1 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.2 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.4 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
2 Global Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Industry Trends
- 2.2 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
- 3.1 Global Top Players by Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Revenue (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Top Players by Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Top Players by Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Price (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Company, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Company Establishment Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Regional Status and Outlook
- 4.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Historic Market Size by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales in Volume by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales in Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Forecasted Market Size by Region
- 4.3.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales in Volume by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales in Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2027-2032)
5 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor by Application
- 5.1 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market by Application
- 5.1.1 Cameras
- 5.1.2 Automotive
- 5.1.3 Industrial
- 5.1.4 Mobile Phone
- 5.1.5 Security & Surveillance
- 5.1.6 Biotechnology
- 5.1.7 PC
- 5.1.8 Others
- 5.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Historic Market Size Review by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
- 5.3.1 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.2 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.4 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 Sony
- 6.1.1 Sony Company Information
- 6.1.2 Sony Business Overview
- 6.1.3 Sony Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 Sony Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 Sony Recent Developments
- 6.2 Canon
- 6.2.1 Canon Company Information
- 6.2.2 Canon Business Overview
- 6.2.3 Canon Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 Canon Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 Canon Recent Developments
- 6.3 GalaxyCore Inc.
- 6.3.1 GalaxyCore Inc. Company Information
- 6.3.2 GalaxyCore Inc. Business Overview
- 6.3.3 GalaxyCore Inc. Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 GalaxyCore Inc. Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 GalaxyCore Inc. Recent Developments
- 6.4 OmniVision
- 6.4.1 OmniVision Company Information
- 6.4.2 OmniVision Business Overview
- 6.4.3 OmniVision Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 OmniVision Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 OmniVision Recent Developments
- 6.5 ON Semiconductor
- 6.5.1 ON Semiconductor Company Information
- 6.5.2 ON Semiconductor Business Overview
- 6.5.3 ON Semiconductor Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 ON Semiconductor Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 ON Semiconductor Recent Developments
- 6.6 Teledyne
- 6.6.1 Teledyne Company Information
- 6.6.2 Teledyne Business Overview
- 6.6.3 Teledyne Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 Teledyne Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 Teledyne Recent Developments
- 6.7 PixelPlus
- 6.7.1 PixelPlus Company Information
- 6.7.2 PixelPlus Business Overview
- 6.7.3 PixelPlus Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 PixelPlus Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 PixelPlus Recent Developments
- 6.8 Samsung
- 6.8.1 Samsung Company Information
- 6.8.2 Samsung Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Samsung Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Samsung Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Samsung Recent Developments
- 6.9 ST
- 6.9.1 ST Company Information
- 6.9.2 ST Business Overview
- 6.9.3 ST Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 ST Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 ST Recent Developments
- 6.10 Toshiba
- 6.10.1 Toshiba Company Information
- 6.10.2 Toshiba Business Overview
- 6.10.3 Toshiba Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 Toshiba Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 Toshiba Recent Developments
- 6.11 SK Hynix
- 6.11.1 SK Hynix Company Information
- 6.11.2 SK Hynix Business Overview
- 6.11.3 SK Hynix Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 SK Hynix Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 SK Hynix Recent Developments
- 6.12 Panasonic
- 6.12.1 Panasonic Company Information
- 6.12.2 Panasonic Business Overview
- 6.12.3 Panasonic Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 Panasonic Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 Panasonic Recent Developments
- 6.13 Smartsens
- 6.13.1 Smartsens Company Information
- 6.13.2 Smartsens Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Smartsens Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Smartsens Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Smartsens Recent Developments
- 6.14 Hamamatsu
- 6.14.1 Hamamatsu Company Information
- 6.14.2 Hamamatsu Business Overview
- 6.14.3 Hamamatsu Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 Hamamatsu Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 Hamamatsu Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
- 7.1 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country
- 7.1.1 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.1.2 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.1.3 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 7.2 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country
- 7.2.1 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2.2 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.2.3 North America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
8 Europe by Country
- 8.1 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country
- 8.1.1 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.1.2 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.1.3 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country
- 8.2.1 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2.2 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.2.3 Europe Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country
- 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country
- 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
10 South America by Country
- 10.1 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country
- 10.1.1 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.1.2 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.1.3 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 10.2 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country
- 10.2.1 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.2.2 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.2.3 South America Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
- 11.1 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country
- 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country
- 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.1 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Value Chain Analysis
- 12.1.1 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Key Raw Materials
- 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
- 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 12.1.5 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Production Mode & Process
- 12.2 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 12.2.2 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Distributors
- 12.2.3 Backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS Sensor Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
- 14.6 Disclaimer
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