APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors covers thin-film chips with defined accuracy and automotive qualification boundaries. A resistive element converts electrical energy into heat; geometry, material and terminations determine stability and parasitic behavior.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
The distinguishing feature is thin-film chips with defined accuracy and automotive qualification boundaries. Check pulse energy, working voltage and derating at the actual board temperature, not only nominal wattage. For shunts, four-terminal sensing and thermal gradients can dominate measurement error. Thin-film precision, thick-film robustness and wirewound construction address different limits; equal footprint does not establish equivalence.
What turns activity into demand
Circuit bills of materials determine unit demand; accuracy, pulse loading and thermal design determine the qualified technology.
The commercial boundary
Separate discrete resistors, networks and assembled braking systems; resistance or wattage alone does not define procurement equivalence.
Why can a resistor with the right resistance still be unsuitable?
The distinguishing feature is thin-film chips with defined accuracy and automotive qualification boundaries. Check pulse energy, working voltage and derating at the actual board temperature, not only nominal wattage. For shunts, four-terminal sensing and thermal gradients can dominate measurement error. Thin-film precision, thick-film robustness and wirewound construction address different limits; equal footprint does not establish equivalence.
Technical reading
Selected research
Industry Research
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Industry Research Report 2026
Market perspective
The global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors market was valued at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
The North America market for Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors is forecast to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, corresponding to a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
The Europe market for Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors is projected to rise from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, registering a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
Read the full market overview
The Asia Pacific market for Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors is expected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
Leading global manufacturers of Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors include , among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
Report Scope
This report quantifies the global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors market in revenue (US$ million) and, where applicable, sales volume (k units), using 2025 as the base year and providing annual historical and forecast data for 2021–2032.
It standardizes definitions of types and applications, harmonizes vendor attribution, and presents comparable time series by company, type, application, and region/country, including indicative price bands (US$/k units) and concentration ratios (CR5/CR10).
The outputs are intended to support strategy development, budgeting, and performance benchmarking for manufacturers, new entrants, channel partners, and investors; the report also reviews technology shifts and notable product introductions relevant to Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section profiles leading manufacturers, combining 2021–2025 results with a 2026–2032 outlook. It reports revenue, market share, price bands, product and application mix, regional and channel mix, and key developments (M&A, capacity additions, certifications). It also provides global revenue, average price, and—where applicable—sales volume by manufacturer, and calculates CR5/CR10 and rank changes to support comparative benchmarking.
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Market by Company
Vishay
Susumu
KOA Speer
Viking Tech
Yageo
Panasonic
Walsin Technology
Ta-I Technology
Bourns
UniOhm
TE Connectivity
Samsung Electro-Mechanics
Ralec Electronics
Ever Ohms
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Segment by Type
Ultra Precision 0.05% Tolerance
0.1% Tolerance
1% Tolerance
Others
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Segment by Application
Entertainment System
Motion Transfer System
Engine Control Unit
Others
Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Research objectives, research methods, data sources, data cross-validation;
Chapter 2: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 5: Production/output, value of Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 6: Consumption of Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 8: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Ultra Precision 0.05% Tolerance
- 0.1% Tolerance
- 1% Tolerance
- Others
Applications
- Entertainment System
- Motion Transfer System
- Engine Control Unit
- Others
Companies covered
- Vishay
- Susumu
- KOA Speer
- Viking Tech
- Yageo
- Panasonic
- Walsin Technology
- Ta-I Technology
- Bourns
- UniOhm
- TE Connectivity
- Samsung Electro-Mechanics
- Ralec Electronics
- Ever Ohms
Inside the report.
1 Preface
- 1.1 Scope of Report
- 1.2 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 1.3 Research Methodology
- 1.4 Research Process
- 1.5 Data Source
- 1.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 1.5.2 Primary Sources
2 Market Overview
- 2.1 Product Definition
- 2.2 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors by Type
- 2.2.1 Market Value Comparison by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.2.2 Ultra Precision 0.05% Tolerance
- 2.2.3 0.1% Tolerance
- 2.2.4 1% Tolerance
- 2.2.5 Others
- 2.3 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors by Application
- 2.3.1 Market Value Comparison by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.3.2 Entertainment System
- 2.3.3 Motion Transfer System
- 2.3.4 Engine Control Unit
- 2.3.5 Others
- 2.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 2.4.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.3 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.4 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Market Average Price (2021-2032)
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
- 3.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Key Manufacturers, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Manufacturers Established Date
- 3.8 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.9 Global Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisition
4 Manufacturers Profiled
- 4.1 Vishay
- 4.1.1 Vishay Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.1.2 Vishay Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.1.3 Vishay Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.1.4 Vishay Product Portfolio
- 4.1.5 Vishay Recent Developments
- 4.2 Susumu
- 4.2.1 Susumu Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.2.2 Susumu Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.2.3 Susumu Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.2.4 Susumu Product Portfolio
- 4.2.5 Susumu Recent Developments
- 4.3 KOA Speer
- 4.3.1 KOA Speer Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.3.2 KOA Speer Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.3.3 KOA Speer Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3.4 KOA Speer Product Portfolio
- 4.3.5 KOA Speer Recent Developments
- 4.4 Viking Tech
- 4.4.1 Viking Tech Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.4.2 Viking Tech Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.4.3 Viking Tech Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.4.4 Viking Tech Product Portfolio
- 4.4.5 Viking Tech Recent Developments
- 4.5 Yageo
- 4.5.1 Yageo Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.5.2 Yageo Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.5.3 Yageo Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.5.4 Yageo Product Portfolio
- 4.5.5 Yageo Recent Developments
- 4.6 Panasonic
- 4.6.1 Panasonic Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.6.2 Panasonic Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.6.3 Panasonic Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.6.4 Panasonic Product Portfolio
- 4.6.5 Panasonic Recent Developments
- 4.7 Walsin Technology
- 4.7.1 Walsin Technology Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.7.2 Walsin Technology Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.7.3 Walsin Technology Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.7.4 Walsin Technology Product Portfolio
- 4.7.5 Walsin Technology Recent Developments
- 4.8 Ta-I Technology
- 4.8.1 Ta-I Technology Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.8.2 Ta-I Technology Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.8.3 Ta-I Technology Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.8.4 Ta-I Technology Product Portfolio
- 4.8.5 Ta-I Technology Recent Developments
- 4.9 Bourns
- 4.9.1 Bourns Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.9.2 Bourns Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.9.3 Bourns Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.9.4 Bourns Product Portfolio
- 4.9.5 Bourns Recent Developments
- 4.10 UniOhm
- 4.10.1 UniOhm Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.10.2 UniOhm Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.10.3 UniOhm Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.10.4 UniOhm Product Portfolio
- 4.10.5 UniOhm Recent Developments
- 4.11 TE Connectivity
- 4.11.1 TE Connectivity Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.11.2 TE Connectivity Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.11.3 TE Connectivity Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.11.4 TE Connectivity Product Portfolio
- 4.11.5 TE Connectivity Recent Developments
- 4.12 Samsung Electro-Mechanics
- 4.12.1 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.12.2 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.12.3 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.12.4 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Product Portfolio
- 4.12.5 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Recent Developments
- 4.13 Ralec Electronics
- 4.13.1 Ralec Electronics Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.13.2 Ralec Electronics Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.13.3 Ralec Electronics Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.13.4 Ralec Electronics Product Portfolio
- 4.13.5 Ralec Electronics Recent Developments
- 4.14 Ever Ohms
- 4.14.1 Ever Ohms Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Company Information
- 4.14.2 Ever Ohms Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Business Overview
- 4.14.3 Ever Ohms Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.14.4 Ever Ohms Product Portfolio
- 4.14.5 Ever Ohms Recent Developments
5 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Region
- 5.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.2.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.2.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.4 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.4.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.4.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.5 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2026)
- 5.6 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production and Value, YOY Growth
- 5.6.1 North America Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.2 Europe Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.3 China Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.4 Japan Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.5 South Korea Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
6 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Region
- 6.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
- 6.2.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Region: 2021-2026
- 6.2.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Forecasted Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
- 6.3 North America
- 6.3.1 North America Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.3.2 North America Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.3.3 United States
- 6.3.4 Canada
- 6.3.5 Mexico
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.4.2 Europe Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.4.3 Germany
- 6.4.4 France
- 6.4.5 U.K.
- 6.4.6 Italy
- 6.4.7 Russia
- 6.4.8 Spain
- 6.4.9 Netherlands
- 6.4.10 Switzerland
- 6.4.11 Sweden
- 6.4.12 Poland
- 6.5 Asia Pacific
- 6.5.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.5.2 Asia Pacific Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.5.3 China
- 6.5.4 Japan
- 6.5.5 South Korea
- 6.5.6 India
- 6.5.7 Australia
- 6.5.8 Taiwan
- 6.5.9 Southeast Asia
- 6.6 South America, Middle East & Africa
- 6.6.1 South America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.6.2 South America, Middle East & Africa Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.6.3 Brazil
- 6.6.4 Argentina
- 6.6.5 Chile
- 6.6.6 Turkey
- 6.6.7 GCC Countries
7 Segment by Type
- 7.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.1.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Type (2021-2032) & (k units)
- 7.1.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 7.2.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Price by Type (2021-2032)
8 Segment by Application
- 8.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.1.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production by Application (2021-2032) & (k units)
- 8.1.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 8.2.2 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Price by Application (2021-2032)
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis of the Market
- 9.1 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Value Chain Analysis
- 9.1.1 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Key Raw Materials
- 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.1.3 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Production Mode & Process
- 9.2 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 9.2.2 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Distributors
- 9.2.3 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Customers
10 Global Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Analyzing Market Dynamics
- 10.1 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Industry Trends
- 10.2 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Industry Drivers
- 10.3 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 10.4 Automotive Grade Thin Film Precision Chip Resistors Industry Restraints
11 Report Conclusion
12 Disclaimer
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