APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox
Parallel-shaft reduction gearboxes transmit power through gear stages with parallel input and output axes, creating an offset drive arrangement suited to specified industrial installations.

Product & engineering
Understand the product.
Pulley, sprocket or coupling forces load output bearings and the housing independently of transmitted torque. Define their magnitude and position; a torque rating does not establish every permissible shaft load.
What turns activity into demand
Driven load, speed ratio and operating cycle determine the gearbox duty. Equipment builds and service replacement create demand, while torque, thermal capacity and mounting interfaces constrain the reachable installations.
The commercial boundary
A gearbox, geared motor and complete drive package are different purchasing boundaries. Geometry and end-use segments may classify the same unit and must be reconciled before aggregation.
Why must overhung loads be specified separately?
Pulley, sprocket or coupling forces load output bearings and the housing independently of transmitted torque. Define their magnitude and position; a torque rating does not establish every permissible shaft load.
Selected research
Market Structure
Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2021-2032
Market perspective
The global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The US & Canada market for Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The Europe market for Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Read the full market overview
The Asia Pacific market for Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The China market for Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Leading global manufacturers of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox include Ondrives.US, Regal Rexnord, SISP-GEARBOXES, Midwest Power Products, Tramec Srl, Bison Gear and Engineering, Nippon Gear, Sumitomo Drive Technologies and Premium Stephan Hameln, among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
On the production side, the report examines Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox output, growth rates, and market shares by manufacturer and by region (at regional and country level) for 2021-2026, with forecasts through 2032.
On the consumption side, the report analyzes sales of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox by region (regional and country level), company, type, and application for 2021-2026 and provides forecasts through 2032.
The report provides an overview of the global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox market in terms of capacity, output, revenue, and price, analyzing global market trends using historical revenue and sales data for 2021-2025, estimates for 2026, and projected CAGRs through 2032.
The study covers key producers of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox and consumption patterns in major regions and countries, assesses future market potential, and highlights priority regions and countries for segmenting the market into sub-sectors, with country-specific market value data for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, the Middle East, Africa, and other countries.
The report also presents Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox sales, revenue, market share, and industry ranking for the main manufacturers for 2021-2026, identifies the major stakeholders in the global market, and analyzes their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues.
In addition, the report analyzes segment data by type and application—covering sales, revenue, and price—for 2021-2032, and evaluates and forecasts the Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox market size, projected growth trends, production technologies, key applications, and end-use industries.
Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Segment by Company
Ondrives.US
Regal Rexnord
SISP-GEARBOXES
Midwest Power Products
Tramec Srl
Bison Gear and Engineering
Nippon Gear
Sumitomo Drive Technologies
Premium Stephan Hameln
Cidepa - Sincron
Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment
Klauber Gear
Optima Drive Components
Tsubakimoto Chain
Brevini Power Transmission
Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Segment by Type
Spur Gears
Helical Gears
Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Segment by Application
Mechanical Stirring
Food Production
Industrial Manufacturing
Other
Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Study Objectives
1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, production value, capacity, and average price forecasts (2021-2032).
Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox market competition landscape. Including Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox manufacturers' output value, output and average price from 2021 to 2026, as well as competition analysis indicators such as origin, product type, application, merger and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7: Production/Production Value of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox by region. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 8: Consumption of Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Spur Gears
- Helical Gears
Applications
- Mechanical Stirring
- Food Production
- Industrial Manufacturing
- Other
Companies covered
- Ondrives.US
- Regal Rexnord
- SISP-GEARBOXES
- Midwest Power Products
- Tramec Srl
- Bison Gear and Engineering
- Nippon Gear
- Sumitomo Drive Technologies
- Premium Stephan Hameln
- Cidepa - Sincron
- Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment
- Klauber Gear
- Optima Drive Components
- Tsubakimoto Chain
- Brevini Power Transmission
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.4 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market Average Price (2021-2032)
- 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.4 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Industry Trends
- 2.2 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Industry Restraints
3 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market by Manufacturers
- 3.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Manufacturers Established Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Players Market Share by Production Value in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market by Type
- 4.1 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Type Introduction
- 4.1.1 Spur Gears
- 4.1.2 Helical Gears
- 4.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Type
- 4.2.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 4.2.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Type (2021-2032)
- 4.2.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Type
- 4.3.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 4.3.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
5 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market by Application
- 5.1 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Application Introduction
- 5.1.1 Mechanical Stirring
- 5.1.2 Food Production
- 5.1.3 Industrial Manufacturing
- 5.1.4 Other
- 5.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Application
- 5.3.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 5.3.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.3.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 Ondrives.US
- 6.1.1 Ondrives.US Company Information
- 6.1.2 Ondrives.US Business Overview
- 6.1.3 Ondrives.US Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 Ondrives.US Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 Ondrives.US Recent Developments
- 6.2 Regal Rexnord
- 6.2.1 Regal Rexnord Company Information
- 6.2.2 Regal Rexnord Business Overview
- 6.2.3 Regal Rexnord Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 Regal Rexnord Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 Regal Rexnord Recent Developments
- 6.3 SISP-GEARBOXES
- 6.3.1 SISP-GEARBOXES Company Information
- 6.3.2 SISP-GEARBOXES Business Overview
- 6.3.3 SISP-GEARBOXES Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 SISP-GEARBOXES Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 SISP-GEARBOXES Recent Developments
- 6.4 Midwest Power Products
- 6.4.1 Midwest Power Products Company Information
- 6.4.2 Midwest Power Products Business Overview
- 6.4.3 Midwest Power Products Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 Midwest Power Products Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 Midwest Power Products Recent Developments
- 6.5 Tramec Srl
- 6.5.1 Tramec Srl Company Information
- 6.5.2 Tramec Srl Business Overview
- 6.5.3 Tramec Srl Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 Tramec Srl Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 Tramec Srl Recent Developments
- 6.6 Bison Gear and Engineering
- 6.6.1 Bison Gear and Engineering Company Information
- 6.6.2 Bison Gear and Engineering Business Overview
- 6.6.3 Bison Gear and Engineering Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 Bison Gear and Engineering Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 Bison Gear and Engineering Recent Developments
- 6.7 Nippon Gear
- 6.7.1 Nippon Gear Company Information
- 6.7.2 Nippon Gear Business Overview
- 6.7.3 Nippon Gear Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 Nippon Gear Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 Nippon Gear Recent Developments
- 6.8 Sumitomo Drive Technologies
- 6.8.1 Sumitomo Drive Technologies Company Information
- 6.8.2 Sumitomo Drive Technologies Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Sumitomo Drive Technologies Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Sumitomo Drive Technologies Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Sumitomo Drive Technologies Recent Developments
- 6.9 Premium Stephan Hameln
- 6.9.1 Premium Stephan Hameln Company Information
- 6.9.2 Premium Stephan Hameln Business Overview
- 6.9.3 Premium Stephan Hameln Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 Premium Stephan Hameln Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 Premium Stephan Hameln Recent Developments
- 6.10 Cidepa - Sincron
- 6.10.1 Cidepa - Sincron Company Information
- 6.10.2 Cidepa - Sincron Business Overview
- 6.10.3 Cidepa - Sincron Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 Cidepa - Sincron Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 Cidepa - Sincron Recent Developments
- 6.11 Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment
- 6.11.1 Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment Company Information
- 6.11.2 Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment Business Overview
- 6.11.3 Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 Shanghai Manyi Transmission Equipment Recent Developments
- 6.12 Klauber Gear
- 6.12.1 Klauber Gear Company Information
- 6.12.2 Klauber Gear Business Overview
- 6.12.3 Klauber Gear Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 Klauber Gear Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 Klauber Gear Recent Developments
- 6.13 Optima Drive Components
- 6.13.1 Optima Drive Components Company Information
- 6.13.2 Optima Drive Components Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Optima Drive Components Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Optima Drive Components Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Optima Drive Components Recent Developments
- 6.14 Tsubakimoto Chain
- 6.14.1 Tsubakimoto Chain Company Information
- 6.14.2 Tsubakimoto Chain Business Overview
- 6.14.3 Tsubakimoto Chain Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 Tsubakimoto Chain Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 Tsubakimoto Chain Recent Developments
- 6.15 Brevini Power Transmission
- 6.15.1 Brevini Power Transmission Company Information
- 6.15.2 Brevini Power Transmission Business Overview
- 6.15.3 Brevini Power Transmission Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.15.4 Brevini Power Transmission Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Product Portfolio
- 6.15.5 Brevini Power Transmission Recent Developments
7 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Region
- 7.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Region (2021-2032)
- 7.2.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Region (2021-2026)
- 7.2.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 7.3 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.4 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 7.4.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 7.4.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 7.5 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2032)
- 7.6 Regional Production Value Trends (2021-2032)
- 7.6.1 North America Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.2 Europe Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.3 Asia-Pacific Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.4 South America Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.5 Middle East & Africa Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Value (2021-2032)
8 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Region
- 8.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Region (2021-2026)
- 8.2.2 Global Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
- 8.3 North America
- 8.3.1 North America Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.3.2 North America Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 U.S.
- 8.3.4 Canada
- 8.3.5 Mexico
- 8.4 Europe
- 8.4.1 Europe Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.4.2 Europe Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.4.3 Germany
- 8.4.4 France
- 8.4.5 U.K.
- 8.4.6 Italy
- 8.4.7 Netherlands
- 8.5 Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1 Asia Pacific Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.5.2 Asia Pacific Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.5.3 China
- 8.5.4 Japan
- 8.5.5 South Korea
- 8.5.6 Southeast Asia
- 8.5.7 India
- 8.5.8 Australia
- 8.6 South America
- 8.6.1 South America Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.6.2 South America Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.6.3 Brazil
- 8.6.4 Argentina
- 8.6.5 Chile
- 8.6.6 Colombia
- 8.7 Middle East & Africa
- 8.7.1 Middle East & Africa Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.7.2 Middle East & Africa Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.7.3 Egypt
- 8.7.4 South Africa
- 8.7.5 Israel
- 8.7.6 Türkiye
- 8.7.7 GCC Countries
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.1 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Value Chain Analysis
- 9.1.1 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Key Raw Materials
- 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 9.1.4 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Production Mode & Process
- 9.2 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 9.2.2 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Distributors
- 9.2.3 Parallel Shaft Reduction Gearbox Customers
10 Concluding Insights
11 Appendix
- 11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 11.2 Research Methodology
- 11.3 Research Process
- 11.4 Authors List of This Report
- 11.5 Data Source
- 11.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 11.5.2 Primary Sources
- 11.6 Disclaimer
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