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Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor
Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor refers to thick-film shunt components used for current measurement in automotive circuits. The resistive element and terminal layout convert current into voltage and heat, with installed temperature affecting resistance and allowable power.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
For this subject, the supplied object is thick-film shunt components used for current measurement in automotive circuits. The sensing loop includes terminal and track resistance, self-heating and the measurement amplifier. Use the defined Kelvin or terminal arrangement and compare TCR, pulse duty and mounting-dependent heat flow. For networks, ratio tracking can matter more than each element's absolute tolerance; a nominal wattage is not an installed thermal guarantee.
What turns activity into demand
Circuit bills of materials determine unit demand; accuracy, pulse loading and thermal design determine the qualified technology.
The commercial boundary
Separate discrete resistors, networks and assembled braking systems; resistance or wattage alone does not define procurement equivalence.
Why does an accurate resistor give an inaccurate current reading?
For this subject, the supplied object is thick-film shunt components used for current measurement in automotive circuits. The sensing loop includes terminal and track resistance, self-heating and the measurement amplifier. Use the defined Kelvin or terminal arrangement and compare TCR, pulse duty and mounting-dependent heat flow. For networks, ratio tracking can matter more than each element's absolute tolerance; a nominal wattage is not an installed thermal guarantee.
Technical reading
Selected research
Market Structure
Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2021-2032
Market perspective
The global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The US & Canada market for Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The Europe market for Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Read the full market overview
The Asia Pacific market for Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The China market for Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Leading global manufacturers of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor include Rohm Semiconductor, YAGEO Corporation, Vishay, Cyntec, Isabellenhütte, Viking Tech, KOA Corporation, Walsin Technology and Cbeureka, among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
On the production side, the report examines Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor output, growth rates, and market shares by manufacturer and by region (at regional and country level) for 2021-2026, with forecasts through 2032.
On the consumption side, the report analyzes sales of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor by region (regional and country level), company, type, and application for 2021-2026 and provides forecasts through 2032.
The report provides an overview of the global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor market in terms of capacity, output, revenue, and price, analyzing global market trends using historical revenue and sales data for 2021-2025, estimates for 2026, and projected CAGRs through 2032.
The study covers key producers of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor and consumption patterns in major regions and countries, assesses future market potential, and highlights priority regions and countries for segmenting the market into sub-sectors, with country-specific market value data for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, the Middle East, Africa, and other countries.
The report also presents Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor sales, revenue, market share, and industry ranking for the main manufacturers for 2021-2026, identifies the major stakeholders in the global market, and analyzes their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues.
In addition, the report analyzes segment data by type and application—covering sales, revenue, and price—for 2021-2032, and evaluates and forecasts the Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor market size, projected growth trends, production technologies, key applications, and end-use industries.
Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Segment by Company
Rohm Semiconductor
YAGEO Corporation
Vishay
Cyntec
Isabellenhütte
Viking Tech
KOA Corporation
Walsin Technology
Cbeureka
Ohmite
TT Electronics
Bourns
Susumu
Panasonic
Juneway Electronics
TA-I TECHNOLOGY
Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Segment by Type
2-terminal
4-terminal
Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Segment by Application
Battery Management System (BMS)
On-Board Charger (OBC)
Body Control Module (BCM)
Other
Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Study Objectives
1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, production value, capacity, and average price forecasts (2021-2032).
Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor market competition landscape. Including Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor manufacturers' output value, output and average price from 2021 to 2026, as well as competition analysis indicators such as origin, product type, application, merger and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7: Production/Production Value of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor by region. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 8: Consumption of Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- 2-terminal
- 4-terminal
Applications
- Battery Management System (BMS)
- On-Board Charger (OBC)
- Body Control Module (BCM)
- Other
Companies covered
- Rohm Semiconductor
- YAGEO Corporation
- Vishay
- Cyntec
- Isabellenhütte
- Viking Tech
- KOA Corporation
- Walsin Technology
- Cbeureka
- Ohmite
- TT Electronics
- Bourns
- Susumu
- Panasonic
- Juneway Electronics
- TA-I TECHNOLOGY
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.4 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market Average Price (2021-2032)
- 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.4 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Industry Trends
- 2.2 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Industry Restraints
3 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market by Manufacturers
- 3.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Manufacturers Established Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Players Market Share by Production Value in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market by Type
- 4.1 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Type Introduction
- 4.1.1 2-terminal
- 4.1.2 4-terminal
- 4.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Type
- 4.2.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 4.2.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Type (2021-2032)
- 4.2.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Type
- 4.3.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 4.3.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
5 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market by Application
- 5.1 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Application Introduction
- 5.1.1 Battery Management System (BMS)
- 5.1.2 On-Board Charger (OBC)
- 5.1.3 Body Control Module (BCM)
- 5.1.4 Other
- 5.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Application
- 5.3.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 5.3.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.3.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 Rohm Semiconductor
- 6.1.1 Rohm Semiconductor Company Information
- 6.1.2 Rohm Semiconductor Business Overview
- 6.1.3 Rohm Semiconductor Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 Rohm Semiconductor Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 Rohm Semiconductor Recent Developments
- 6.2 YAGEO Corporation
- 6.2.1 YAGEO Corporation Company Information
- 6.2.2 YAGEO Corporation Business Overview
- 6.2.3 YAGEO Corporation Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 YAGEO Corporation Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 YAGEO Corporation Recent Developments
- 6.3 Vishay
- 6.3.1 Vishay Company Information
- 6.3.2 Vishay Business Overview
- 6.3.3 Vishay Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 Vishay Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 Vishay Recent Developments
- 6.4 Cyntec
- 6.4.1 Cyntec Company Information
- 6.4.2 Cyntec Business Overview
- 6.4.3 Cyntec Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 Cyntec Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 Cyntec Recent Developments
- 6.5 Isabellenhütte
- 6.5.1 Isabellenhütte Company Information
- 6.5.2 Isabellenhütte Business Overview
- 6.5.3 Isabellenhütte Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 Isabellenhütte Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 Isabellenhütte Recent Developments
- 6.6 Viking Tech
- 6.6.1 Viking Tech Company Information
- 6.6.2 Viking Tech Business Overview
- 6.6.3 Viking Tech Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 Viking Tech Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 Viking Tech Recent Developments
- 6.7 KOA Corporation
- 6.7.1 KOA Corporation Company Information
- 6.7.2 KOA Corporation Business Overview
- 6.7.3 KOA Corporation Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 KOA Corporation Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 KOA Corporation Recent Developments
- 6.8 Walsin Technology
- 6.8.1 Walsin Technology Company Information
- 6.8.2 Walsin Technology Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Walsin Technology Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Walsin Technology Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Walsin Technology Recent Developments
- 6.9 Cbeureka
- 6.9.1 Cbeureka Company Information
- 6.9.2 Cbeureka Business Overview
- 6.9.3 Cbeureka Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 Cbeureka Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 Cbeureka Recent Developments
- 6.10 Ohmite
- 6.10.1 Ohmite Company Information
- 6.10.2 Ohmite Business Overview
- 6.10.3 Ohmite Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 Ohmite Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 Ohmite Recent Developments
- 6.11 TT Electronics
- 6.11.1 TT Electronics Company Information
- 6.11.2 TT Electronics Business Overview
- 6.11.3 TT Electronics Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 TT Electronics Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 TT Electronics Recent Developments
- 6.12 Bourns
- 6.12.1 Bourns Company Information
- 6.12.2 Bourns Business Overview
- 6.12.3 Bourns Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 Bourns Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 Bourns Recent Developments
- 6.13 Susumu
- 6.13.1 Susumu Company Information
- 6.13.2 Susumu Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Susumu Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Susumu Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Susumu Recent Developments
- 6.14 Panasonic
- 6.14.1 Panasonic Company Information
- 6.14.2 Panasonic Business Overview
- 6.14.3 Panasonic Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 Panasonic Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 Panasonic Recent Developments
- 6.15 Juneway Electronics
- 6.15.1 Juneway Electronics Company Information
- 6.15.2 Juneway Electronics Business Overview
- 6.15.3 Juneway Electronics Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.15.4 Juneway Electronics Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.15.5 Juneway Electronics Recent Developments
- 6.16 TA-I TECHNOLOGY
- 6.16.1 TA-I TECHNOLOGY Company Information
- 6.16.2 TA-I TECHNOLOGY Business Overview
- 6.16.3 TA-I TECHNOLOGY Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.16.4 TA-I TECHNOLOGY Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Product Portfolio
- 6.16.5 TA-I TECHNOLOGY Recent Developments
7 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Region
- 7.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Region (2021-2032)
- 7.2.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Region (2021-2026)
- 7.2.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 7.3 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.4 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Region (2021-2032)
- 7.4.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 7.4.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 7.5 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2032)
- 7.6 Regional Production Value Trends (2021-2032)
- 7.6.1 North America Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.2 Europe Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.4 South America Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value (2021-2032)
- 7.6.5 Middle East & Africa Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Value (2021-2032)
8 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Region
- 8.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Region (2021-2026)
- 8.2.2 Global Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
- 8.3 North America
- 8.3.1 North America Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.3.2 North America Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.3.3 U.S.
- 8.3.4 Canada
- 8.3.5 Mexico
- 8.4 Europe
- 8.4.1 Europe Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.4.2 Europe Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.4.3 Germany
- 8.4.4 France
- 8.4.5 U.K.
- 8.4.6 Italy
- 8.4.7 Netherlands
- 8.5 Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.5.2 Asia Pacific Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.5.3 China
- 8.5.4 Japan
- 8.5.5 South Korea
- 8.5.6 Southeast Asia
- 8.5.7 India
- 8.5.8 Australia
- 8.6 South America
- 8.6.1 South America Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.6.2 South America Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.6.3 Brazil
- 8.6.4 Argentina
- 8.6.5 Chile
- 8.6.6 Colombia
- 8.7 Middle East & Africa
- 8.7.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.7.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 8.7.3 Egypt
- 8.7.4 South Africa
- 8.7.5 Israel
- 8.7.6 Türkiye
- 8.7.7 GCC Countries
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.1 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Value Chain Analysis
- 9.1.1 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Key Raw Materials
- 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 9.1.4 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Production Mode & Process
- 9.2 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 9.2.2 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Distributors
- 9.2.3 Automotive Thick Film Shunt Resistor Customers
10 Concluding Insights
11 Appendix
- 11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 11.2 Research Methodology
- 11.3 Research Process
- 11.4 Authors List of This Report
- 11.5 Data Source
- 11.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 11.5.2 Primary Sources
- 11.6 Disclaimer
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