APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Aluminium-Scandium
The chemical composition of the aluminium-scandium master-alloy is 2% scandium and the balance is 99.7% aluminium. The master alloy is used to add scandium to Al-Mg-Zr containing alloys, which are used in the form of sheet and plate. These sheets and plates are mainly used by aircraft manufactures. The scandium content in the aluminium sheet and plate varies from 0.2-0.4% scandium.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
The chemical composition of the aluminium-scandium master-alloy is 2% scandium and the balance is 99.7% aluminium. The master alloy is used to add scandium to Al-Mg-Zr containing alloys, which are used in the form of sheet and plate. These sheets and plates are mainly used by aircraft manufactures. The scandium content in the aluminium sheet and plate varies from 0.2-0.4% scandium.
Aluminium scandium containing alloys combine high strength, ductility, weld-ability, improved corrosion resistance and a lower density (as a result of the magnesium in the alloy). The combination of all these properties makes aluminium-scandium containing alloys extremely suitable for aerospace industry.
Selected research
Market Analysis & Forecast
Global Aluminium-Scandium Market Analysis and Forecast 2026-2032
Market perspective
The chemical composition of the aluminium-scandium master-alloy is 2% scandium and the balance is 99.7% aluminium. The master alloy is used to add scandium to Al-Mg-Zr containing alloys, which are used in the form of sheet and plate. These sheets and plates are mainly used by aircraft manufactures. The scandium content in the aluminium sheet and plate varies from 0.2-0.4% scandium.
Aluminium scandium containing alloys combine high strength, ductility, weld-ability, improved corrosion resistance and a lower density (as a result of the magnesium in the alloy). The combination of all these properties makes aluminium-scandium containing alloys extremely suitable for aerospace industry.
Global MAluminium-Scandium key players include RUSAL, Intermix-met, KBM Master Alloys, Stanford Advanced Materials, etc. Global top four manufacturers hold a share over 50%.
Read the full market overview
China is the largest market, with a share over 35%, followed by China, and North America, both have a share about 50 percent.
In terms of product, Al-Sc 2% Alloy is the largest segment, with a share over 90%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Defense & Aerospace, followed by Transportation, Consumer Goods , etc.
This report presents an overview of global market for Aluminium-Scandium, capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2021 - 2025, estimates for 2026, and projections of CAGR through 2032.
This report researches the key producers of Aluminium-Scandium, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Aluminium-Scandium, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.
This report focuses on the Aluminium-Scandium sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2021 to 2026. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Aluminium-Scandium market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.
This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2021 to 2032. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Aluminium-Scandium sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.
Aluminium-Scandium Segment by Company
RUSAL
Intermix-met
KBM Master Alloys
Stanford Advanced Materials
HNRE
Hunan Oriental Scandium
Guangxi Maoxin
AMG Aluminum
Codos
TOPM
Shanghai Diyang
Aluminium-Scandium Segment by Type
Al-Sc 2% Alloy
Others
Aluminium-Scandium Segment by Application
Defense and Aerospace
Transportation
Consumer Goods
Other
Aluminium-Scandium Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Study Objectives
1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Aluminium-Scandium market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Aluminium-Scandium and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Aluminium-Scandium.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by type and by application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Aluminium-Scandium production/output of global and key producers (regions/countries). It provides a quantitative analysis of the production, and development potential of each producer in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Sales (consumption), revenue of Aluminium-Scandium in global, regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Detailed analysis of Aluminium-Scandium manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Aluminium-Scandium sales, revenue, price, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 9: North America by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Europe by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: China by type, by application, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Asia (Excluding China) by type, by application and by region, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 13: South America, Middle East and Africa by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 14: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors and customers.
Chapter 15: The main concluding insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Al-Sc 2% Alloy
- Others
Applications
- Defense and Aerospace
- Transportation
- Consumer Goods
- Other
Companies covered
- RUSAL
- Intermix-met
- KBM Master Alloys
- Stanford Advanced Materials
- HNRE
- Hunan Oriental Scandium
- Guangxi Maoxin
- AMG Aluminum
- Codos
- TOPM
- Shanghai Diyang
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Aluminium-Scandium Market by Type
- 1.2.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Type, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.2.2 Al-Sc 2% Alloy
- 1.2.3 Others
- 1.3 Aluminium-Scandium Market by Application
- 1.3.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Application, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.3.2 Defense and Aerospace
- 1.3.3 Transportation
- 1.3.4 Consumer Goods
- 1.3.5 Other
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Aluminium-Scandium Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Aluminium-Scandium Industry Trends
- 2.2 Aluminium-Scandium Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Aluminium-Scandium Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Aluminium-Scandium Industry Restraints
3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production Overview
- 3.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production Capacity (2021-2032)
- 3.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 3.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production by Region
- 3.3.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production by Region (2021-2026)
- 3.3.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production by Region (2027-2032)
- 3.3.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Production Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
- 3.4 North America
- 3.5 Europe
- 3.6 China
- 3.7 Japan
4 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 4.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 4.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.2.4 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2021-2032
- 4.4 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Region
- 4.4.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.4.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.4.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.4.4 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.5 North America
- 4.6 Europe
- 4.7 China
- 4.8 Asia (Excluding China)
- 4.9 South America, Middle East and Africa
5 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
- 5.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Manufacturers
- 5.1.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.1.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.1.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
- 5.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Manufacturers
- 5.2.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.2.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
- 5.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.4 Global Aluminium-Scandium Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 5.5 Global Aluminium-Scandium Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 5.6 Global Aluminium-Scandium Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 5.7 Global Aluminium-Scandium Manufacturers Commercialization Time
- 5.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 5.8.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Market CR5 and HHI
- 5.8.2 2025 Aluminium-Scandium Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
6 Aluminium-Scandium Market by Type
- 6.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 6.1.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type
- 6.2.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type (2021-2032) & (MT)
- 6.2.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Price by Type
7 Aluminium-Scandium Market by Application
- 7.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application
- 7.1.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 7.1.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application
- 7.2.1 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application (2021-2032) & (MT)
- 7.2.2 Global Aluminium-Scandium Sales Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Global Aluminium-Scandium Price by Application
8 Company Profiles
- 8.1 RUSAL
- 8.1.1 RUSAL Company Information
- 8.1.2 RUSAL Business Overview
- 8.1.3 RUSAL Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.1.4 RUSAL Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.1.5 RUSAL Recent Developments
- 8.2 Intermix-met
- 8.2.1 Intermix-met Company Information
- 8.2.2 Intermix-met Business Overview
- 8.2.3 Intermix-met Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.2.4 Intermix-met Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.2.5 Intermix-met Recent Developments
- 8.3 KBM Master Alloys
- 8.3.1 KBM Master Alloys Company Information
- 8.3.2 KBM Master Alloys Business Overview
- 8.3.3 KBM Master Alloys Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.3.4 KBM Master Alloys Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.3.5 KBM Master Alloys Recent Developments
- 8.4 Stanford Advanced Materials
- 8.4.1 Stanford Advanced Materials Company Information
- 8.4.2 Stanford Advanced Materials Business Overview
- 8.4.3 Stanford Advanced Materials Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.4.4 Stanford Advanced Materials Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.4.5 Stanford Advanced Materials Recent Developments
- 8.5 HNRE
- 8.5.1 HNRE Company Information
- 8.5.2 HNRE Business Overview
- 8.5.3 HNRE Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.5.4 HNRE Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.5.5 HNRE Recent Developments
- 8.6 Hunan Oriental Scandium
- 8.6.1 Hunan Oriental Scandium Company Information
- 8.6.2 Hunan Oriental Scandium Business Overview
- 8.6.3 Hunan Oriental Scandium Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.6.4 Hunan Oriental Scandium Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.6.5 Hunan Oriental Scandium Recent Developments
- 8.7 Guangxi Maoxin
- 8.7.1 Guangxi Maoxin Company Information
- 8.7.2 Guangxi Maoxin Business Overview
- 8.7.3 Guangxi Maoxin Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.7.4 Guangxi Maoxin Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.7.5 Guangxi Maoxin Recent Developments
- 8.8 AMG Aluminum
- 8.8.1 AMG Aluminum Company Information
- 8.8.2 AMG Aluminum Business Overview
- 8.8.3 AMG Aluminum Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.8.4 AMG Aluminum Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.8.5 AMG Aluminum Recent Developments
- 8.9 Codos
- 8.9.1 Codos Company Information
- 8.9.2 Codos Business Overview
- 8.9.3 Codos Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.9.4 Codos Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.9.5 Codos Recent Developments
- 8.10 TOPM
- 8.10.1 TOPM Company Information
- 8.10.2 TOPM Business Overview
- 8.10.3 TOPM Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.10.4 TOPM Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.10.5 TOPM Recent Developments
- 8.11 Shanghai Diyang
- 8.11.1 Shanghai Diyang Company Information
- 8.11.2 Shanghai Diyang Business Overview
- 8.11.3 Shanghai Diyang Aluminium-Scandium Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.11.4 Shanghai Diyang Aluminium-Scandium Product Portfolio
- 8.11.5 Shanghai Diyang Recent Developments
9 North America
- 9.1 North America Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Type
- 9.1.1 North America Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.1.2 North America Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.1.3 North America Aluminium-Scandium Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 North America Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Application
- 9.2.1 North America Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.2.2 North America Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.2.3 North America Aluminium-Scandium Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 North America Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Country
- 9.3.1 North America Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 9.3.2 North America Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 9.3.3 North America Aluminium-Scandium Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 United States
- 9.3.5 Canada
- 9.3.6 Mexico
10 Europe
- 10.1 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Type
- 10.1.1 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.1.2 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.1.3 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Application
- 10.2.1 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.2.2 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.2.3 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 10.3.2 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 10.3.3 Europe Aluminium-Scandium Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Germany
- 10.3.5 France
- 10.3.6 U.K.
- 10.3.7 Italy
- 10.3.8 Russia
- 10.3.9 Spain
- 10.3.10 Netherlands
- 10.3.11 Switzerland
- 10.3.12 Sweden
11 China
- 11.1 China Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Type
- 11.1.1 China Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.1.2 China Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.1.3 China Aluminium-Scandium Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 China Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Application
- 11.2.1 China Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.2.2 China Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.2.3 China Aluminium-Scandium Price by Application (2021-2032)
12 Asia (Excluding China)
- 12.1 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Type
- 12.1.1 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.1.2 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.1.3 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.2 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Application
- 12.2.1 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.2.2 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.2.3 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.3 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Country
- 12.3.1 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 12.3.2 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 12.3.3 Asia Aluminium-Scandium Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 12.3.4 Japan
- 12.3.5 South Korea
- 12.3.6 India
- 12.3.7 Australia
- 12.3.8 Taiwan
- 12.3.9 Southeast Asia
13 South America, Middle East and Africa
- 13.1 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Type
- 13.1.1 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 13.1.2 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 13.1.3 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 13.2 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Application
- 13.2.1 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 13.2.2 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 13.2.3 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 13.3 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Market Size by Country
- 13.3.1 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 13.3.2 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 13.3.3 SAMEA Aluminium-Scandium Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 13.3.4 Brazil
- 13.3.5 Argentina
- 13.3.6 Chile
- 13.3.7 Colombia
- 13.3.8 Peru
- 13.3.9 Saudi Arabia
- 13.3.10 Israel
- 13.3.11 UAE
- 13.3.12 Turkey
- 13.3.13 Iran
- 13.3.14 Egypt
14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 14.1 Aluminium-Scandium Value Chain Analysis
- 14.1.1 Aluminium-Scandium Key Raw Materials
- 14.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 14.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 14.1.4 Aluminium-Scandium Production Mode & Process
- 14.2 Aluminium-Scandium Sales Channels Analysis
- 14.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 14.2.2 Aluminium-Scandium Distributors
- 14.2.3 Aluminium-Scandium Customers
15 Concluding Insights
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 16.2 Research Methodology
- 16.3 Research Process
- 16.4 Authors List of This Report
- 16.5 Data Source
- 16.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 16.5.2 Primary Sources
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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