APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing
Selected research
Market Analysis & Forecast
Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Analysis and Forecast 2026-2032
Market perspective
The global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.
The North America market for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing is estimated to increase from $ million in 2026 to reach $ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2032.
Europe market for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing is estimated to increase from $ million in 2026 to reach $ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2032.
Read the full market overview
Asia-Pacific market for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing is estimated to increase from $ million in 2026 to reach $ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2032.
The China market for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing is estimated to increase from $ million in 2026 to reach $ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2032.
The major global companies of Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing include Steris PLC, Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., SGS S.A., Sartorius AG, Sotera Health Company, Pacific Biolabs, Inc., Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings and Almac Group, etc. In 2025, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
Report Includes
This report presents an overview of global market for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing, market size. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue data for 2021 - 2025, estimates for 2026, and projections of CAGR through 2032.
This report researches the key producers of Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing, also provides the revenue of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.
This report focuses on the Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2021 to 2026. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.
This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, revenue, and growth rate, from 2021 to 2032. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing revenue, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.
Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Segment by Company
Steris PLC
Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
SGS S.A.
Sartorius AG
Sotera Health Company
Pacific Biolabs, Inc.
Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
Almac Group
Pace Analytical Services, LLC
Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Segment by Type
Bioburden Testing
Sterility Testing
Bacterial Endotoxin Testing
Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Segment by Application
Medical Drugs
Medical Devices
Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Study Objectives
1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key players, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in market size), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Revenue of Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing in global and regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 4: Detailed analysis of Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing company competitive landscape, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the revenue, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the revenue, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key companies, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing revenue, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: North America by type, by application and by country, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 9: Europe by type, by application and by country, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: China type, by application, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: Asia (excluding China) type, by application and by region, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: South America, Middle East and Africa by type, by application and by country, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 13: The main concluding insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Bioburden Testing
- Sterility Testing
- Bacterial Endotoxin Testing
Applications
- Medical Drugs
- Medical Devices
Companies covered
- Steris PLC
- Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
- SGS S.A.
- Sartorius AG
- Sotera Health Company
- Pacific Biolabs, Inc.
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
- Almac Group
- Pace Analytical Services, LLC
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market by Type
- 1.2.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Type, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.2.2 Bioburden Testing
- 1.2.3 Sterility Testing
- 1.2.4 Bacterial Endotoxin Testing
- 1.3 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market by Application
- 1.3.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Application, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.3.2 Medical Drugs
- 1.3.3 Medical Devices
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Industry Trends
- 2.2 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Industry Restraints
3 Global Growth Perspective
- 3.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Perspective (2021-2032)
- 3.2 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Growth Trends by Region
- 3.2.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 3.2.2 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Region (2021-2026)
- 3.2.3 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Region (2027-2032)
4 Competitive Landscape by Players
- 4.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Players
- 4.1.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Players (2021-2026)
- 4.1.2 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Market Share by Players (2021-2026)
- 4.1.3 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Players Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
- 4.2 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Key Players Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 4.3 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Key Players Headquarters & Area Served
- 4.4 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Players, Product Type & Application
- 4.5 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Players Establishment Date
- 4.6 Market Competitive Analysis
- 4.6.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market CR5 and HHI
- 4.6.3 2025 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
5 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Type
- 5.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 5.2 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 5.3 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
6 Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Market Size by Application
- 6.1 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 6.2 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
7 Company Profiles
- 7.1 Steris PLC
- 7.1.1 Steris PLC Company Information
- 7.1.2 Steris PLC Business Overview
- 7.1.3 Steris PLC Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.1.4 Steris PLC Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.1.5 Steris PLC Recent Developments
- 7.2 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.
- 7.2.1 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Company Information
- 7.2.2 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Business Overview
- 7.2.3 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.2.4 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.2.5 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Recent Developments
- 7.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
- 7.3.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Company Information
- 7.3.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Business Overview
- 7.3.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.3.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.3.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Recent Developments
- 7.4 SGS S.A.
- 7.4.1 SGS S.A. Company Information
- 7.4.2 SGS S.A. Business Overview
- 7.4.3 SGS S.A. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.4.4 SGS S.A. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.4.5 SGS S.A. Recent Developments
- 7.5 Sartorius AG
- 7.5.1 Sartorius AG Company Information
- 7.5.2 Sartorius AG Business Overview
- 7.5.3 Sartorius AG Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.5.4 Sartorius AG Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.5.5 Sartorius AG Recent Developments
- 7.6 Sotera Health Company
- 7.6.1 Sotera Health Company Company Information
- 7.6.2 Sotera Health Company Business Overview
- 7.6.3 Sotera Health Company Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.6.4 Sotera Health Company Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.6.5 Sotera Health Company Recent Developments
- 7.7 Pacific Biolabs, Inc.
- 7.7.1 Pacific Biolabs, Inc. Company Information
- 7.7.2 Pacific Biolabs, Inc. Business Overview
- 7.7.3 Pacific Biolabs, Inc. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.7.4 Pacific Biolabs, Inc. Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.7.5 Pacific Biolabs, Inc. Recent Developments
- 7.8 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
- 7.8.1 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings Company Information
- 7.8.2 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings Business Overview
- 7.8.3 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.8.4 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.8.5 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings Recent Developments
- 7.9 Almac Group
- 7.9.1 Almac Group Company Information
- 7.9.2 Almac Group Business Overview
- 7.9.3 Almac Group Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.9.4 Almac Group Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.9.5 Almac Group Recent Developments
- 7.10 Pace Analytical Services, LLC
- 7.10.1 Pace Analytical Services, LLC Company Information
- 7.10.2 Pace Analytical Services, LLC Business Overview
- 7.10.3 Pace Analytical Services, LLC Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 7.10.4 Pace Analytical Services, LLC Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Product Portfolio
- 7.10.5 Pace Analytical Services, LLC Recent Developments
8 North America
- 8.1 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue (2021-2032)
- 8.2 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2026)
- 8.2.2 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2027-2032)
- 8.3 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 8.4 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.4.1 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2026)
- 8.4.2 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2027-2032)
- 8.5 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.6 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country
- 8.6.1 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 8.6.2 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.6.3 North America Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2027-2032)
- 8.6.4 United States
- 8.6.5 Canada
- 8.6.6 Mexico
9 Europe
- 9.1 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue (2021-2032)
- 9.2 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2.1 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2026)
- 9.2.2 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2027-2032)
- 9.3 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.4 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.4.1 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2026)
- 9.4.2 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2027-2032)
- 9.5 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.6 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country
- 9.6.1 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 9.6.2 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.6.3 Europe Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2027-2032)
- 9.6.4 Germany
- 9.6.5 France
- 9.6.6 U.K.
- 9.6.7 Italy
- 9.6.8 Russia
- 9.6.9 Spain
- 9.6.10 Netherlands
- 9.6.11 Switzerland
- 9.6.12 Sweden
- 9.6.13 Poland
10 China
- 10.1 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue (2021-2032)
- 10.2 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2.1 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2026)
- 10.2.2 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2027-2032)
- 10.3 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.4 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.4.1 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2026)
- 10.4.2 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2027-2032)
- 10.5 China Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Application (2021-2032)
11 Asia (Excluding China)
- 11.1 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue (2021-2032)
- 11.2 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2.1 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2026)
- 11.2.2 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2027-2032)
- 11.3 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.4 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.4.1 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2026)
- 11.4.2 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2027-2032)
- 11.5 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.6 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country
- 11.6.1 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 11.6.2 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.6.3 Asia Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2027-2032)
- 11.6.4 Japan
- 11.6.5 South Korea
- 11.6.6 India
- 11.6.7 Australia
- 11.6.8 Taiwan
- 11.6.9 Southeast Asia
12 South America, Middle East and Africa
- 12.1 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue (2021-2032)
- 12.2 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.2.1 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2021-2026)
- 12.2.2 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Type (2027-2032)
- 12.3 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.4 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.4.1 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2021-2026)
- 12.4.2 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Application (2027-2032)
- 12.5 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.6 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country
- 12.6.1 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 12.6.2 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2021-2026)
- 12.6.3 SAMEA Medical Drug and Device Microbiological Sterility Testing Revenue by Country (2027-2032)
- 12.6.4 Brazil
- 12.6.5 Argentina
- 12.6.6 Chile
- 12.6.7 Colombia
- 12.6.8 Peru
- 12.6.9 Saudi Arabia
- 12.6.10 Israel
- 12.6.11 UAE
- 12.6.12 Turkey
- 12.6.13 Iran
- 12.6.14 Egypt
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
GET THE RESEARCH
Choose your license.
Choose who needs access.
All options are for this report and research series.
PDF by email within 3–5 working days after payment confirmation.
Talk to an analyst