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Engine Structure Parts

Selected research

Industry Growth & Trends

Global Engine Structure Parts Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2032

Market perspective

The global Engine Structure Parts market was valued at US$ million in 2026 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of xx% over 2026-2032.

The North America market for Engine Structure Parts is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, corresponding to a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

The Europe market for Engine Structure Parts is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, registering a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

Read the full market overview

The Asia Pacific market for Engine Structure Parts is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

Leading global manufacturers of Engine Structure Parts include Magna International (Canada), GKN (UK), Knorr-Bremse (Germany), NTN (Japan), Hitachi Chemical (Japan), Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China), CIE Automotive (Spain), Aisin Takaoka (Japan) and Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan), among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.

Report Scope

This report provides a structured, data-driven view of the global Engine Structure Parts market, combining harmonized quantitative metrics with targeted qualitative insight to support business and growth strategy, market positioning, and capital allocation.

The Engine Structure Parts market size, estimates, and forecasts are presented in terms of sales volume (k units) and revenue (US$ million), with 2025 as the base year and historical and forecast data for 2021-2032. The report segments the global Engine Structure Parts market by Type, Application, region/country, and company, provides regional market sizes at the segment level, profiles the competitive landscape and key players and their market ranks, and reviews technology trends and new product developments relevant to Engine Structure Parts.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

This section analyzes the strategies and performance of leading manufacturers in the global Engine Structure Parts market, including portfolio focus, innovation and product development, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion used to sustain or enhance competitive positions. It also summarizes recent corporate developments and key financial indicators and provides global revenue, price, and sales volume data by manufacturer for 2020-2025, enabling benchmarking of scale, pricing, and market share and supporting assessment of market concentration through indicators such as CR5 and CR10.

Engine Structure Parts Market by Company

Magna International (Canada)

GKN (UK)

Knorr-Bremse (Germany)

NTN (Japan)

Hitachi Chemical (Japan)

Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China)

CIE Automotive (Spain)

Aisin Takaoka (Japan)

Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan)

Teksid (Italy)

Fine Sinter (Japan)

Tata AutoComp Systems (India)

Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China)

FUJI OOZX (Japan)

ASIMCO Technologies (China)

A.G. Porta (Italy)

Engine Structure Parts Segment by Type

Spark Plug

Valves

Piston

Connecting Rod

Crankshaft

Sump

Others

Engine Structure Parts Segment by Application

Passenger Cars

Commercial Vehicles

Engine Structure Parts Segment by Region

North America

United States

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

U.K.

Italy

Russia

Spain

Netherlands

Switzerland

Sweden

Poland

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

South Korea

India

Australia

Taiwan

Southeast Asia

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

Middle East & Africa

Egypt

South Africa

Israel

Türkiye

GCC Countries

Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Engine Structure Parts market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Engine Structure Parts and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Engine Structure Parts.

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.

Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Engine Structure Parts manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Engine Structure Parts in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.

Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.

Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.

Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.

Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.

More report detail

Tables and figures
List of Tables Table 1. Major Company of Spark Plug Table 2. Major Company of Valves Table 3. Major Company of Piston Table 4. Major Company of Connecting Rod Table 5. Major Company of Crankshaft Table 6. Major Company of Sump Table 7. Major Company of Others Table 8. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million) Table 9. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 10. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2021-2026) Table 11. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 12. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2021-2026) Table 13. Global Engine Structure Parts Price by Type (2021-2026) & (USD/unit) Table 14. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 15. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2027-2032) Table 16. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 17. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2027-2032) Table 18. Global Engine Structure Parts Price by Type (2027-2032) & (USD/unit) Table 19. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 20. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 21. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 22. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 23. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 24. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 25. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 26. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 27. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 28. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 29. Engine Structure Parts Industry Trends Table 30. Engine Structure Parts Industry Drivers Table 31. Engine Structure Parts Industry Opportunities and Challenges Table 32. Engine Structure Parts Industry Restraints Table 33. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Revenue by Company (US$ Million) & (2021-2026) Table 34. Global Engine Structure Parts Revenue Market Share by Company (2021-2026) Table 35. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Company (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 36. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Share by Company (2021-2026) Table 37. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Price by Company (2021-2026) & (USD/unit) Table 38. Global Engine Structure Parts Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026 Table 39. Global Engine Structure Parts Major Company Production Sites and Headquarters Table 40. Global Engine Structure Parts Company, Product Type & Application Table 41. Global Engine Structure Parts Company Establishment Date Table 42. Global Company Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table 43. Global Engine Structure Parts by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (Based on the Revenue of 2025) Table 44. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size Comparison by Region (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 45. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 46. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Region (2021-2026) Table 47. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 48. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Region (2021-2026) Table 49. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 50. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Region (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 51. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Region (2027-2032) Table 52. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Region (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 53. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Region (2027-2032) Table 54. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2027-2032) Table 55. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million) Table 56. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 57. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2021-2026) Table 58. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 59. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2021-2026) Table 60. Global Engine Structure Parts Price by Application (2021-2026) & (USD/unit) Table 61. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 62. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2027-2032) Table 63. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 64. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2027-2032) Table 65. Global Engine Structure Parts Price by Application (2027-2032) & (USD/unit) Table 66. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 67. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 68. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 69. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 70. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 71. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 72. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 73. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 74. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 75. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 76. Magna International (Canada) Company Information Table 77. Magna International (Canada) Business Overview Table 78. Magna International (Canada) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 79. Magna International (Canada) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 80. Magna International (Canada) Recent Development Table 81. GKN (UK) Company Information Table 82. GKN (UK) Business Overview Table 83. GKN (UK) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 84. GKN (UK) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 85. GKN (UK) Recent Development Table 86. Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Company Information Table 87. Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Business Overview Table 88. Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 89. Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 90. Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Recent Development Table 91. NTN (Japan) Company Information Table 92. NTN (Japan) Business Overview Table 93. NTN (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 94. NTN (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 95. NTN (Japan) Recent Development Table 96. Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Company Information Table 97. Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Business Overview Table 98. Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 99. Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 100. Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Recent Development Table 101. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Company Information Table 102. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Business Overview Table 103. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 104. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 105. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Recent Development Table 106. CIE Automotive (Spain) Company Information Table 107. CIE Automotive (Spain) Business Overview Table 108. CIE Automotive (Spain) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 109. CIE Automotive (Spain) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 110. CIE Automotive (Spain) Recent Development Table 111. Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Company Information Table 112. Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Business Overview Table 113. Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 114. Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 115. Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Recent Development Table 116. Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Company Information Table 117. Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Business Overview Table 118. Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 119. Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 120. Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Recent Development Table 121. Teksid (Italy) Company Information Table 122. Teksid (Italy) Business Overview Table 123. Teksid (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 124. Teksid (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 125. Teksid (Italy) Recent Development Table 126. Fine Sinter (Japan) Company Information Table 127. Fine Sinter (Japan) Business Overview Table 128. Fine Sinter (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 129. Fine Sinter (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 130. Fine Sinter (Japan) Recent Development Table 131. Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Company Information Table 132. Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Business Overview Table 133. Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 134. Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 135. Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Recent Development Table 136. Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Company Information Table 137. Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Business Overview Table 138. Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 139. Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 140. Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Recent Development Table 141. FUJI OOZX (Japan) Company Information Table 142. FUJI OOZX (Japan) Business Overview Table 143. FUJI OOZX (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 144. FUJI OOZX (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 145. FUJI OOZX (Japan) Recent Development Table 146. ASIMCO Technologies (China) Company Information Table 147. ASIMCO Technologies (China) Business Overview Table 148. ASIMCO Technologies (China) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 149. ASIMCO Technologies (China) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 150. ASIMCO Technologies (China) Recent Development Table 151. A.G. Porta (Italy) Company Information Table 152. A.G. Porta (Italy) Business Overview Table 153. A.G. Porta (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Sales (k units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 154. A.G. Porta (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio Table 155. A.G. Porta (Italy) Recent Development Table 156. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (k units): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 157. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 158. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 159. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 160. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 161. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 162. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 163. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 164. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 165. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 166. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (k units): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 167. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 168. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 169. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 170. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 171. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 172. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 173. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 174. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 175. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 176. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (k units): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 177. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 178. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 179. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 180. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 181. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 182. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 183. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 184. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 185. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 186. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (k units): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 187. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 188. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 189. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 190. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 191. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 192. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 193. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 194. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 195. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 196. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (k units): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 197. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (k units) Table 198. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 199. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (k units) Table 200. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 201. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Table 202. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 203. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 204. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 205. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Share Forecast by Country (2027-2032) Table 206. Key Raw Materials Table 207. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Table 208. Engine Structure Parts Distributors List Table 209. Engine Structure Parts Customers List Table 210. Research Programs/Design for This Report Table 211. Authors List of This Report Table 212. Secondary Sources Table 213. Primary Sources List of Figures Figure 1. Engine Structure Parts Image Figure 2. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 3. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 4. Global Engine Structure Parts Sales (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 5. Spark Plug Image Figure 6. Global Spark Plug Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 7. Valves Image Figure 8. Global Valves Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 9. Piston Image Figure 10. Global Piston Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 11. Connecting Rod Image Figure 12. Global Connecting Rod Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 13. Crankshaft Image Figure 14. Global Crankshaft Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 15. Sump Image Figure 16. Global Sump Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 17. Others Image Figure 18. Global Others Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 19. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 20. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Type 2025 VS 2032 Figure 21. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type in 2025 Figure 22. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type in 2025 Figure 23. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type in 2025 Figure 24. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type in 2025 Figure 25. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type in 2025 Figure 26. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type in 2025 Figure 27. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type in 2025 Figure 28. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type in 2025 Figure 29. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Type in 2025 Figure 30. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Type in 2025 Figure 31. Global Top 5 and 10 Engine Structure Parts Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025 Figure 32. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 VS 2025 Figure 33. Passenger Cars Image Figure 34. Global Passenger Cars Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 35. Commercial Vehicles Image Figure 36. Global Commercial Vehicles Sales YoY Growth (2021-2032) & (k units) Figure 37. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 38. Global Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Application 2025 VS 2032 Figure 39. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application in 2025 Figure 40. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application in 2025 Figure 41. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application in 2025 Figure 42. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application in 2025 Figure 43. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application in 2025 Figure 44. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application in 2025 Figure 45. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application in 2025 Figure 46. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application in 2025 Figure 47. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Volume by Application in 2025 Figure 48. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Market Share in Value by Application in 2025 Figure 49. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (k units) Figure 50. North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 51. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 52. North America Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 53. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (k units) Figure 54. Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 55. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 56. Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (k units) Figure 58. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 59. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 60. Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 61. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (k units) Figure 62. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Sales Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 63. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 64. Latin America Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 65. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (k units) Figure 66. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 67. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 68. Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Share by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 69. Engine Structure Parts Value Chain Figure 70. Key Raw Materials Price Figure 71. Manufacturing Cost Structure Figure 72. Engine Structure Parts Production Mode & Process Figure 73. Direct Comparison with Distribution Share Figure 74. Distributors Profiles Figure 75. Years Considered Figure 76. Research Process Figure 77. Key Executives Interviewed

Scope & coverage.

Types
  • Spark Plug
  • Valves
  • Piston
  • Connecting Rod
  • Crankshaft
  • Sump
  • Others
Applications
  • Passenger Cars
  • Commercial Vehicles
Companies covered
  • Magna International (Canada)
  • GKN (UK)
  • Knorr-Bremse (Germany)
  • NTN (Japan)
  • Hitachi Chemical (Japan)
  • Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China)
  • CIE Automotive (Spain)
  • Aisin Takaoka (Japan)
  • Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan)
  • Teksid (Italy)
  • Fine Sinter (Japan)
  • Tata AutoComp Systems (India)
  • Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China)
  • FUJI OOZX (Japan)
  • ASIMCO Technologies (China)
  • A.G. Porta (Italy)

Inside the report.

1 Market Overview
  1. 1.1 Product Definition
  2. 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
  3. 1.2.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
  4. 1.2.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
  5. 1.3 Engine Structure Parts Market by Type
  6. 1.3.1 Spark Plug
  7. 1.3.2 Valves
  8. 1.3.3 Piston
  9. 1.3.4 Connecting Rod
  10. 1.3.5 Crankshaft
  11. 1.3.6 Sump
  12. 1.3.7 Others
  13. 1.4 Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Type
  14. 1.4.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032)
  15. 1.4.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Historic Market Size Review by Type (2021-2026)
  16. 1.4.3 Global Engine Structure Parts Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
  17. 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
  18. 1.5.1 North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
  19. 1.5.2 Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
  20. 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
  21. 1.5.4 South America Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
  22. 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
2 Global Market Dynamics
  1. 2.1 Engine Structure Parts Industry Trends
  2. 2.2 Engine Structure Parts Industry Drivers
  3. 2.3 Engine Structure Parts Industry Opportunities and Challenges
  4. 2.4 Engine Structure Parts Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
  1. 3.1 Global Top Players by Engine Structure Parts Revenue (2021-2026)
  2. 3.2 Global Top Players by Engine Structure Parts Sales (2021-2026)
  3. 3.3 Global Top Players by Engine Structure Parts Price (2021-2026)
  4. 3.4 Global Engine Structure Parts Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
  5. 3.5 Global Engine Structure Parts Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
  6. 3.6 Global Engine Structure Parts Company, Product Type & Application
  7. 3.7 Global Engine Structure Parts Company Establishment Date
  8. 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
  9. 3.8.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Market CR5 and HHI
  10. 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Engine Structure Parts Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025
  11. 3.8.3 2025 Engine Structure Parts Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Engine Structure Parts Regional Status and Outlook
  1. 4.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 4.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Historic Market Size by Region
  3. 4.2.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales in Volume by Region (2021-2026)
  4. 4.2.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales in Value by Region (2021-2026)
  5. 4.2.3 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  6. 4.3 Global Engine Structure Parts Forecasted Market Size by Region
  7. 4.3.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales in Volume by Region (2027-2032)
  8. 4.3.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales in Value by Region (2027-2032)
  9. 4.3.3 Global Engine Structure Parts Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2027-2032)
5 Engine Structure Parts by Application
  1. 5.1 Engine Structure Parts Market by Application
  2. 5.1.1 Passenger Cars
  3. 5.1.2 Commercial Vehicles
  4. 5.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Application
  5. 5.2.1 Global Engine Structure Parts Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032)
  6. 5.2.2 Global Engine Structure Parts Historic Market Size Review by Application (2021-2026)
  7. 5.2.3 Global Engine Structure Parts Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
  8. 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
  9. 5.3.1 North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
  10. 5.3.2 Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
  11. 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
  12. 5.3.4 South America Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
  13. 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
6 Company Profiles
  1. 6.1 Magna International (Canada)
  2. 6.1.1 Magna International (Canada) Company Information
  3. 6.1.2 Magna International (Canada) Business Overview
  4. 6.1.3 Magna International (Canada) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  5. 6.1.4 Magna International (Canada) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  6. 6.1.5 Magna International (Canada) Recent Developments
  7. 6.2 GKN (UK)
  8. 6.2.1 GKN (UK) Company Information
  9. 6.2.2 GKN (UK) Business Overview
  10. 6.2.3 GKN (UK) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  11. 6.2.4 GKN (UK) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  12. 6.2.5 GKN (UK) Recent Developments
  13. 6.3 Knorr-Bremse (Germany)
  14. 6.3.1 Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Company Information
  15. 6.3.2 Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Business Overview
  16. 6.3.3 Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  17. 6.3.4 Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  18. 6.3.5 Knorr-Bremse (Germany) Recent Developments
  19. 6.4 NTN (Japan)
  20. 6.4.1 NTN (Japan) Company Information
  21. 6.4.2 NTN (Japan) Business Overview
  22. 6.4.3 NTN (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  23. 6.4.4 NTN (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  24. 6.4.5 NTN (Japan) Recent Developments
  25. 6.5 Hitachi Chemical (Japan)
  26. 6.5.1 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Company Information
  27. 6.5.2 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Business Overview
  28. 6.5.3 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  29. 6.5.4 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  30. 6.5.5 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Recent Developments
  31. 6.6 Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China)
  32. 6.6.1 Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Company Information
  33. 6.6.2 Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Business Overview
  34. 6.6.3 Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  35. 6.6.4 Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  36. 6.6.5 Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China) Recent Developments
  37. 6.7 CIE Automotive (Spain)
  38. 6.7.1 CIE Automotive (Spain) Company Information
  39. 6.7.2 CIE Automotive (Spain) Business Overview
  40. 6.7.3 CIE Automotive (Spain) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  41. 6.7.4 CIE Automotive (Spain) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  42. 6.7.5 CIE Automotive (Spain) Recent Developments
  43. 6.8 Aisin Takaoka (Japan)
  44. 6.8.1 Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Company Information
  45. 6.8.2 Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Business Overview
  46. 6.8.3 Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  47. 6.8.4 Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  48. 6.8.5 Aisin Takaoka (Japan) Recent Developments
  49. 6.9 Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan)
  50. 6.9.1 Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Company Information
  51. 6.9.2 Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Business Overview
  52. 6.9.3 Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  53. 6.9.4 Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  54. 6.9.5 Musashi Seimitsu Industry (Japan) Recent Developments
  55. 6.10 Teksid (Italy)
  56. 6.10.1 Teksid (Italy) Company Information
  57. 6.10.2 Teksid (Italy) Business Overview
  58. 6.10.3 Teksid (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  59. 6.10.4 Teksid (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  60. 6.10.5 Teksid (Italy) Recent Developments
  61. 6.11 Fine Sinter (Japan)
  62. 6.11.1 Fine Sinter (Japan) Company Information
  63. 6.11.2 Fine Sinter (Japan) Business Overview
  64. 6.11.3 Fine Sinter (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  65. 6.11.4 Fine Sinter (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  66. 6.11.5 Fine Sinter (Japan) Recent Developments
  67. 6.12 Tata AutoComp Systems (India)
  68. 6.12.1 Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Company Information
  69. 6.12.2 Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Business Overview
  70. 6.12.3 Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  71. 6.12.4 Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  72. 6.12.5 Tata AutoComp Systems (India) Recent Developments
  73. 6.13 Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China)
  74. 6.13.1 Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Company Information
  75. 6.13.2 Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Business Overview
  76. 6.13.3 Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  77. 6.13.4 Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  78. 6.13.5 Harbin Dongan Auto Engine (China) Recent Developments
  79. 6.14 FUJI OOZX (Japan)
  80. 6.14.1 FUJI OOZX (Japan) Company Information
  81. 6.14.2 FUJI OOZX (Japan) Business Overview
  82. 6.14.3 FUJI OOZX (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  83. 6.14.4 FUJI OOZX (Japan) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  84. 6.14.5 FUJI OOZX (Japan) Recent Developments
  85. 6.15 ASIMCO Technologies (China)
  86. 6.15.1 ASIMCO Technologies (China) Company Information
  87. 6.15.2 ASIMCO Technologies (China) Business Overview
  88. 6.15.3 ASIMCO Technologies (China) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  89. 6.15.4 ASIMCO Technologies (China) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  90. 6.15.5 ASIMCO Technologies (China) Recent Developments
  91. 6.16 A.G. Porta (Italy)
  92. 6.16.1 A.G. Porta (Italy) Company Information
  93. 6.16.2 A.G. Porta (Italy) Business Overview
  94. 6.16.3 A.G. Porta (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  95. 6.16.4 A.G. Porta (Italy) Engine Structure Parts Product Portfolio
  96. 6.16.5 A.G. Porta (Italy) Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
  1. 7.1 North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country
  2. 7.1.1 North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 7.1.2 North America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026)
  4. 7.1.3 North America Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  5. 7.2 North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country
  6. 7.2.1 North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  7. 7.2.2 North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
  8. 7.2.3 North America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
8 Europe by Country
  1. 8.1 Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country
  2. 8.1.1 Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 8.1.2 Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026)
  4. 8.1.3 Europe Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  5. 8.2 Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country
  6. 8.2.1 Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  7. 8.2.2 Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
  8. 8.2.3 Europe Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
  1. 9.1 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country
  2. 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026)
  4. 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  5. 9.2 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country
  6. 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  7. 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
  8. 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
10 South America by Country
  1. 10.1 South America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country
  2. 10.1.1 South America Engine Structure Parts Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 10.1.2 South America Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026)
  4. 10.1.3 South America Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  5. 10.2 South America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country
  6. 10.2.1 South America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  7. 10.2.2 South America Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
  8. 10.2.3 South America Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
  1. 11.1 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country
  2. 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales by Country (2021-2026)
  4. 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  5. 11.2 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country
  6. 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  7. 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
  8. 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Engine Structure Parts Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
  1. 12.1 Engine Structure Parts Value Chain Analysis
  2. 12.1.1 Engine Structure Parts Key Raw Materials
  3. 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
  4. 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  5. 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  6. 12.1.5 Engine Structure Parts Production Mode & Process
  7. 12.2 Engine Structure Parts Sales Channels Analysis
  8. 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  9. 12.2.2 Engine Structure Parts Distributors
  10. 12.2.3 Engine Structure Parts Customers
13 Concluding Insights
    14 Appendix
    1. 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
    2. 14.2 Research Methodology
    3. 14.3 Research Process
    4. 14.4 Authors List of This Report
    5. 14.5 Data Source
    6. 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
    7. 14.5.2 Primary Sources
    8. 14.6 Disclaimer

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