APO RESEARCH · REPORT
High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer
High-purity SiC powder for wafer growth is a stoichiometric, ultra-clean silicon carbide feedstock engineered as the sublimation source in seeded physical vapor transport (PVT) growth of 4H/6H-SiC boules for power and RF wafers. It is produced from high-purity precursors (e.g., carbothermal reduction of electronic-grade silica and carbon or gas-phase synthesis), then de-metalized and de-oxygenated by high-temperature halogen treatments, acid leaching, and calcination, and finally classified to a narrow, coarse granular distribution that packs stably in graphite crucibles while providing predictable mass transport. Typical specifications target 5N–6N total purity with transition metals in the sub-ppm range, oxygen and nitrogen at a few ppm or lower, and free Si/C below 0.1 wt%, with controlled bulk density, BET surface area, and residual volatiles to suppress parasitic nucleation and crusting. Morphology and porosity are tuned to maintain a steady source recession rate and constant C/Si vapor ratio across the growth run, enabling low-defect boules with controlled background doping; dopant-tailored variants may incorporate trace N or Al for n-/p-type control. As a polytype-neutral source whose function is to deliver chemically clean, compositionally stable Si-C vapor under high temperature and low pressure, it is distinguished from abrasive or ceramic-grade SiC powders by its electronic-materials impurity budget, degassing behavior, and reproducibility in long-duration PVT processes.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
High-purity SiC powder for wafer growth is a stoichiometric, ultra-clean silicon carbide feedstock engineered as the sublimation source in seeded physical vapor transport (PVT) growth of 4H/6H-SiC boules for power and RF wafers. It is produced from high-purity precursors (e.g., carbothermal reduction of electronic-grade silica and carbon or gas-phase synthesis), then de-metalized and de-oxygenated by high-temperature halogen treatments, acid leaching, and calcination, and finally classified to a narrow, coarse granular distribution that packs stably in graphite crucibles while providing predictable mass transport. Typical specifications target 5N–6N total purity with transition metals in the sub-ppm range, oxygen and nitrogen at a few ppm or lower, and free Si/C below 0.1 wt%, with controlled bulk density, BET surface area, and residual volatiles to suppress parasitic nucleation and crusting. Morphology and porosity are tuned to maintain a steady source recession rate and constant C/Si vapor ratio across the growth run, enabling low-defect boules with controlled background doping; dopant-tailored variants may incorporate trace N or Al for n-/p-type control. As a polytype-neutral source whose function is to deliver chemically clean, compositionally stable Si-C vapor under high temperature and low pressure, it is distinguished from abrasive or ceramic-grade SiC powders by its electronic-materials impurity budget, degassing behavior, and reproducibility in long-duration PVT processes.
Selected research
Industry Research
High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Industry Research Report 2026
Market perspective
High-purity SiC powder for wafer growth is a stoichiometric, ultra-clean silicon carbide feedstock engineered as the sublimation source in seeded physical vapor transport (PVT) growth of 4H/6H-SiC boules for power and RF wafers. It is produced from high-purity precursors (e.g., carbothermal reduction of electronic-grade silica and carbon or gas-phase synthesis), then de-metalized and de-oxygenated by high-temperature halogen treatments, acid leaching, and calcination, and finally classified to a narrow, coarse granular distribution that packs stably in graphite crucibles while providing predictable mass transport. Typical specifications target 5N–6N total purity with transition metals in the sub-ppm range, oxygen and nitrogen at a few ppm or lower, and free Si/C below 0.1 wt%, with controlled bulk density, BET surface area, and residual volatiles to suppress parasitic nucleation and crusting. Morphology and porosity are tuned to maintain a steady source recession rate and constant C/Si vapor ratio across the growth run, enabling low-defect boules with controlled background doping; dopant-tailored variants may incorporate trace N or Al for n-/p-type control. As a polytype-neutral source whose function is to deliver chemically clean, compositionally stable Si-C vapor under high temperature and low pressure, it is distinguished from abrasive or ceramic-grade SiC powders by its electronic-materials impurity budget, degassing behavior, and reproducibility in long-duration PVT processes.
The global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer market was valued at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
The North America market for High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer is forecast to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, corresponding to a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
Read the full market overview
The Europe market for High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer is projected to rise from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, registering a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
The Asia Pacific market for High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer is expected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026–2032.
Leading global manufacturers of High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer include , among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
Report Scope
This report quantifies the global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer market in revenue (US$ million) and, where applicable, sales volume (t), using 2025 as the base year and providing annual historical and forecast data for 2021–2032.
It standardizes definitions of types and applications, harmonizes vendor attribution, and presents comparable time series by company, type, application, and region/country, including indicative price bands (US$/t) and concentration ratios (CR5/CR10).
The outputs are intended to support strategy development, budgeting, and performance benchmarking for manufacturers, new entrants, channel partners, and investors; the report also reviews technology shifts and notable product introductions relevant to High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section profiles leading manufacturers, combining 2021–2025 results with a 2026–2032 outlook. It reports revenue, market share, price bands, product and application mix, regional and channel mix, and key developments (M&A, capacity additions, certifications). It also provides global revenue, average price, and—where applicable—sales volume by manufacturer, and calculates CR5/CR10 and rank changes to support comparative benchmarking.
High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Market by Company
Wolfspeed
Coherent Corp.
SiCrystal
SK Siltron
SICC
TankeBlue
Resonac
STMicroelectronics
Hebei Synlight Semiconductor
Fiven
Washington Mills
Shanxi Semisic Crystal
Pacific Rundum
High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Segment by Type
SHS Method
Acheson Method
CVD Method
High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Segment by Application
4 Inch Wafer
6 Inch Wafer
8 Inch Wafer
High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Research objectives, research methods, data sources, data cross-validation;
Chapter 2: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 5: Production/output, value of High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 6: Consumption of High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 8: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- SHS Method
- Acheson Method
- CVD Method
Applications
- 4 Inch Wafer
- 6 Inch Wafer
- 8 Inch Wafer
Companies covered
- Wolfspeed
- Coherent Corp.
- SiCrystal
- SK Siltron
- SICC
- TankeBlue
- Resonac
- STMicroelectronics
- Hebei Synlight Semiconductor
- Fiven
- Washington Mills
- Shanxi Semisic Crystal
- Pacific Rundum
Inside the report.
1 Preface
- 1.1 Scope of Report
- 1.2 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 1.3 Research Methodology
- 1.4 Research Process
- 1.5 Data Source
- 1.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 1.5.2 Primary Sources
2 Market Overview
- 2.1 Product Definition
- 2.2 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer by Type
- 2.2.1 Market Value Comparison by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.2.2 SHS Method
- 2.2.3 Acheson Method
- 2.2.4 CVD Method
- 2.3 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer by Application
- 2.3.1 Market Value Comparison by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.3.2 4 Inch Wafer
- 2.3.3 6 Inch Wafer
- 2.3.4 8 Inch Wafer
- 2.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 2.4.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.3 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.4 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Market Average Price (2021-2032)
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
- 3.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Key Manufacturers, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Manufacturers Established Date
- 3.8 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.9 Global Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisition
4 Manufacturers Profiled
- 4.1 Wolfspeed
- 4.1.1 Wolfspeed High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.1.2 Wolfspeed High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.1.3 Wolfspeed High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.1.4 Wolfspeed Product Portfolio
- 4.1.5 Wolfspeed Recent Developments
- 4.2 Coherent Corp.
- 4.2.1 Coherent Corp. High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.2.2 Coherent Corp. High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.2.3 Coherent Corp. High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.2.4 Coherent Corp. Product Portfolio
- 4.2.5 Coherent Corp. Recent Developments
- 4.3 SiCrystal
- 4.3.1 SiCrystal High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.3.2 SiCrystal High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.3.3 SiCrystal High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3.4 SiCrystal Product Portfolio
- 4.3.5 SiCrystal Recent Developments
- 4.4 SK Siltron
- 4.4.1 SK Siltron High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.4.2 SK Siltron High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.4.3 SK Siltron High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.4.4 SK Siltron Product Portfolio
- 4.4.5 SK Siltron Recent Developments
- 4.5 SICC
- 4.5.1 SICC High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.5.2 SICC High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.5.3 SICC High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.5.4 SICC Product Portfolio
- 4.5.5 SICC Recent Developments
- 4.6 TankeBlue
- 4.6.1 TankeBlue High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.6.2 TankeBlue High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.6.3 TankeBlue High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.6.4 TankeBlue Product Portfolio
- 4.6.5 TankeBlue Recent Developments
- 4.7 Resonac
- 4.7.1 Resonac High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.7.2 Resonac High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.7.3 Resonac High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.7.4 Resonac Product Portfolio
- 4.7.5 Resonac Recent Developments
- 4.8 STMicroelectronics
- 4.8.1 STMicroelectronics High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.8.2 STMicroelectronics High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.8.3 STMicroelectronics High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.8.4 STMicroelectronics Product Portfolio
- 4.8.5 STMicroelectronics Recent Developments
- 4.9 Hebei Synlight Semiconductor
- 4.9.1 Hebei Synlight Semiconductor High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.9.2 Hebei Synlight Semiconductor High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.9.3 Hebei Synlight Semiconductor High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.9.4 Hebei Synlight Semiconductor Product Portfolio
- 4.9.5 Hebei Synlight Semiconductor Recent Developments
- 4.10 Fiven
- 4.10.1 Fiven High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.10.2 Fiven High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.10.3 Fiven High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.10.4 Fiven Product Portfolio
- 4.10.5 Fiven Recent Developments
- 4.11 Washington Mills
- 4.11.1 Washington Mills High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.11.2 Washington Mills High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.11.3 Washington Mills High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.11.4 Washington Mills Product Portfolio
- 4.11.5 Washington Mills Recent Developments
- 4.12 Shanxi Semisic Crystal
- 4.12.1 Shanxi Semisic Crystal High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.12.2 Shanxi Semisic Crystal High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.12.3 Shanxi Semisic Crystal High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.12.4 Shanxi Semisic Crystal Product Portfolio
- 4.12.5 Shanxi Semisic Crystal Recent Developments
- 4.13 Pacific Rundum
- 4.13.1 Pacific Rundum High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Company Information
- 4.13.2 Pacific Rundum High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Business Overview
- 4.13.3 Pacific Rundum High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.13.4 Pacific Rundum Product Portfolio
- 4.13.5 Pacific Rundum Recent Developments
5 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Region
- 5.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.2.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.2.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.4 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.4.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.4.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.5 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2026)
- 5.6 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production and Value, YOY Growth
- 5.6.1 North America High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.2 Europe High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.3 China High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.4 Japan High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
6 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Region
- 6.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
- 6.2.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Region: 2021-2026
- 6.2.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Forecasted Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
- 6.3 North America
- 6.3.1 North America High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.3.2 North America High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.3.3 United States
- 6.3.4 Canada
- 6.3.5 Mexico
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.4.2 Europe High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.4.3 Germany
- 6.4.4 France
- 6.4.5 U.K.
- 6.4.6 Italy
- 6.4.7 Russia
- 6.4.8 Spain
- 6.4.9 Netherlands
- 6.4.10 Switzerland
- 6.4.11 Sweden
- 6.4.12 Poland
- 6.5 Asia Pacific
- 6.5.1 Asia Pacific High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.5.2 Asia Pacific High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.5.3 China
- 6.5.4 Japan
- 6.5.5 South Korea
- 6.5.6 India
- 6.5.7 Australia
- 6.5.8 Taiwan
- 6.5.9 Southeast Asia
- 6.6 South America, Middle East & Africa
- 6.6.1 South America, Middle East & Africa High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.6.2 South America, Middle East & Africa High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.6.3 Brazil
- 6.6.4 Argentina
- 6.6.5 Chile
- 6.6.6 Turkey
- 6.6.7 GCC Countries
7 Segment by Type
- 7.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.1.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Type (2021-2032) & (t)
- 7.1.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 7.2.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Price by Type (2021-2032)
8 Segment by Application
- 8.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.1.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production by Application (2021-2032) & (t)
- 8.1.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 8.2.2 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Price by Application (2021-2032)
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis of the Market
- 9.1 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Value Chain Analysis
- 9.1.1 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Key Raw Materials
- 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.1.3 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Production Mode & Process
- 9.2 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 9.2.2 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Distributors
- 9.2.3 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Customers
10 Global High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Analyzing Market Dynamics
- 10.1 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Industry Trends
- 10.2 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Industry Drivers
- 10.3 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 10.4 High Purity SiC Powder for Wafer Industry Restraints
11 Report Conclusion
12 Disclaimer
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