APO Research, Inc.

APO RESEARCH · REPORT

Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding is a type of Alternative Lending that funding a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.

Product & engineering

Understand the product.

Crowdfunding is a type of Alternative Lending that funding a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.

Selected research

Market Outlook & Growth Opportunities

Global Crowdfunding Market Outlook and Growth Opportunities 2026

Market perspective

Crowdfunding is a type of Alternative Lending that funding a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.

Crowdfunding are mainly classified into the following types: reward-based crowdfunding, equity crowdfunding, donation and other. Reward-based crowdfunding is the most widely used type which takes up about 74% of the total sales in 2019.

China is the largest region of Crowdfunding in the world, China market took up about 37% the global market in 2019, while Europe and United States were about 17%, 32%.

Read the full market overview

This report provides an overview of the global Crowdfunding market in terms of revenue and gross margin, analyzing global market trends using historical revenue data for 2021-2025, estimates for 2026, and projected CAGRs through 2032.

The study covers key producers of Crowdfunding and market revenue by major regions and countries, assesses future market potential, and highlights priority regions and countries for segmenting the market into sub-sectors, with country-specific market value data for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, the Middle East, Africa, and other countries.

The report also presents Crowdfunding revenue, market share, and industry ranking for the main companies for 2021-2026, identifies the major stakeholders in the global market, and analyzes their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues.

Across the 2021-2026 period, the analysis compares revenue growth and profitability profiles by company, distinguishing participants with sustained expansion from those with more cyclical performance, and relates these patterns to differences in regional exposure, product portfolios, and application focus in the global Crowdfunding market.

Crowdfunding Segment by Company

Kickstarter

Indiegogo

GoFundMe

Fundable

Crowdcube

GoGetFunding

Patreon

Crowdfunder

CircleUp

AngelList

DonorsChoose

Crowdfunder UK

FundRazr

Companisto

Campfire

Milaap

Crowdo

CrowdPlus

Modian

Idianchou

Alibaba

Jingdong

Suning

Crowdfunding Segment by Type

Reward-based Crowdfunding

Equity Crowdfunding

Donation and Other

Crowdfunding Segment by Application

Cultural Industries

Technology

Product

Healthcare

Other

Crowdfunding Segment by Region

North America

United States

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

U.K.

Italy

Russia

Spain

Netherlands

Switzerland

Sweden

Poland

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

South Korea

India

Australia

Taiwan

Southeast Asia

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

Middle East & Africa

Egypt

South Africa

Israel

Türkiye

GCC Countries

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global Crowdfunding status and future forecast, involving, revenue, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

2. To present the Crowdfunding key companies, revenue, market share, and recent developments.

3. To split the Crowdfunding breakdown data by regions, type, companies, and application.

4. To analyze the global and key regions Crowdfunding market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.

5. To identify Crowdfunding significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.

6. To analyze Crowdfunding competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Crowdfunding market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Crowdfunding and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in sales and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Crowdfunding.

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size.

Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Crowdfunding industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Crowdfunding company competitive landscape, revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 6: Sales value of Crowdfunding in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of key country in the world.

Chapter 7: Sales value of Crowdfunding in country level. It provides sigmate data by type, and by application for each country/region.

Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including revenue, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 9: Concluding Insights.

More report detail

Tables and figures
List of Tables Table 1. Crowdfunding Industry Trends Table 2. Crowdfunding Industry Drivers Table 3. Crowdfunding Industry Opportunities and Challenges Table 4. Crowdfunding Industry Restraints Table 5. Global Crowdfunding Revenue by Company (US$ Million) & (2021-2026) Table 6. Global Crowdfunding Revenue Share by Company (2021-2026) Table 7. Global Crowdfunding Company Ranking, (2024-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 8. Global Crowdfunding Key Company Manufacturing Base & Headquarters Table 9. Global Crowdfunding Company, Product Type & Application Table 10. Global Crowdfunding Company Establishment Date Table 11. Global Company Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table 12. Global Crowdfunding by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (Based on Revenue of 2025) Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Table 14. Significant Companies of Reward-based Crowdfunding Table 15. Significant Companies of Equity Crowdfunding Table 16. Significant Companies of Donation and Other Table 17. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 18. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 19. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 20. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type (2021-2026) Table 21. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type (2027-2032) Table 22. Significant Companies of Cultural Industries Table 23. Significant Companies of Technology Table 24. Significant Companies of Product Table 25. Significant Companies of Healthcare Table 26. Significant Companies of Other Table 27. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 28. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 29. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 30. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application (2021-2026) Table 31. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application (2027-2032) Table 32. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Comparison by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 33. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Region (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 34. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 35. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Region (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 36. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Region (2027-2032) Table 37. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 38. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 39. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 40. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 41. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Market Share by Country (2027-2032) Table 42. Kickstarter Company Information Table 43. Kickstarter Business Overview Table 44. Kickstarter Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 45. Kickstarter Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 46. Kickstarter Recent Development Table 47. Indiegogo Company Information Table 48. Indiegogo Business Overview Table 49. Indiegogo Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 50. Indiegogo Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 51. Indiegogo Recent Development Table 52. GoFundMe Company Information Table 53. GoFundMe Business Overview Table 54. GoFundMe Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 55. GoFundMe Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 56. GoFundMe Recent Development Table 57. Fundable Company Information Table 58. Fundable Business Overview Table 59. Fundable Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 60. Fundable Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 61. Fundable Recent Development Table 62. Crowdcube Company Information Table 63. Crowdcube Business Overview Table 64. Crowdcube Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 65. Crowdcube Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 66. Crowdcube Recent Development Table 67. GoGetFunding Company Information Table 68. GoGetFunding Business Overview Table 69. GoGetFunding Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 70. GoGetFunding Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 71. GoGetFunding Recent Development Table 72. Patreon Company Information Table 73. Patreon Business Overview Table 74. Patreon Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 75. Patreon Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 76. Patreon Recent Development Table 77. Crowdfunder Company Information Table 78. Crowdfunder Business Overview Table 79. Crowdfunder Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 80. Crowdfunder Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 81. Crowdfunder Recent Development Table 82. CircleUp Company Information Table 83. CircleUp Business Overview Table 84. CircleUp Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 85. CircleUp Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 86. CircleUp Recent Development Table 87. AngelList Company Information Table 88. AngelList Business Overview Table 89. AngelList Crowdfunding Revenue (US$ Million) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 90. AngelList Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 91. AngelList Recent Development Table 92. DonorsChoose Company Information Table 93. DonorsChoose Business Overview Table 94. DonorsChoose Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 95. DonorsChoose Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 96. DonorsChoose Recent Development Table 97. Crowdfunder UK Company Information Table 98. Crowdfunder UK Business Overview Table 99. Crowdfunder UK Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 100. Crowdfunder UK Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 101. Crowdfunder UK Recent Development Table 102. FundRazr Company Information Table 103. FundRazr Business Overview Table 104. FundRazr Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 105. FundRazr Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 106. FundRazr Recent Development Table 107. Companisto Company Information Table 108. Companisto Business Overview Table 109. Companisto Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 110. Companisto Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 111. Companisto Recent Development Table 112. Campfire Company Information Table 113. Campfire Business Overview Table 114. Campfire Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 115. Campfire Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 116. Campfire Recent Development Table 117. Milaap Company Information Table 118. Milaap Business Overview Table 119. Milaap Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 120. Milaap Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 121. Milaap Recent Development Table 122. Crowdo Company Information Table 123. Crowdo Business Overview Table 124. Crowdo Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 125. Crowdo Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 126. Crowdo Recent Development Table 127. CrowdPlus Company Information Table 128. CrowdPlus Business Overview Table 129. CrowdPlus Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 130. CrowdPlus Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 131. CrowdPlus Recent Development Table 132. Modian Company Information Table 133. Modian Business Overview Table 134. Modian Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 135. Modian Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 136. Modian Recent Development Table 137. Idianchou Company Information Table 138. Idianchou Business Overview Table 139. Idianchou Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 140. Idianchou Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 141. Idianchou Recent Development Table 142. Alibaba Company Information Table 143. Alibaba Business Overview Table 144. Alibaba Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 145. Alibaba Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 146. Alibaba Recent Development Table 147. Jingdong Company Information Table 148. Jingdong Business Overview Table 149. Jingdong Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 150. Jingdong Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 151. Jingdong Recent Development Table 152. Suning Company Information Table 153. Suning Business Overview Table 154. Suning Crowdfunding Sales (k units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 155. Suning Crowdfunding Product Portfolio Table 156. Suning Recent Development Table 157. Research Programs/Design for This Report Table 158. Authors List of This Report Table 159. Secondary Sources Table 160. Primary Sources List of Figures Figure 1. Crowdfunding Product Image Figure 2. Global Crowdfunding Market Size (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 3. Global Crowdfunding Market Size (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 4. Global Crowdfunding Company Revenue Ranking in 2025 (US$ Million) Figure 5. Global Top 5 and 10 Company Market Share by Revenue in 2025 (US$ Million) Figure 6. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 VS 2025 Figure 7. Reward-based Crowdfunding Image Figure 8. Equity Crowdfunding Image Figure 9. Donation and Other Image Figure 10. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 11. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 12. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type (2021-2032) Figure 13. Cultural Industries Image Figure 14. Technology Image Figure 15. Product Image Figure 16. Healthcare Image Figure 17. Other Image Figure 18. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 19. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 20. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application (2021-2032) Figure 21. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Comparison by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 22. Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 23. North America Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 24. North America Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 25. Europe Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 26. Europe Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 28. Asia-Pacific Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 29. South America Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 30. South America Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 31. Middle East & Africa Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 32. Middle East & Africa Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 33. USA Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 34. USA Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 35. USA Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 36. Canada Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 37. Canada Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 38. Canada Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 39. Mexico Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 40. Mexico Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 41. Mexico Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 42. Germany Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 43. Germany Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 44. Germany Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 45. France Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 46. France Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 47. France Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 48. U.K. Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 49. U.K. Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 50. U.K. Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 51. Italy Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 52. Italy Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 53. Italy Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 54. Spain Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 55. Spain Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 56. Spain Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 57. Russia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 58. Russia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 59. Russia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 60. Netherlands Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 61. Netherlands Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 62. Netherlands Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 63. Nordic Countries Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 64. Nordic Countries Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 65. Nordic Countries Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 66. China Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 67. China Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 68. China Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 69. Japan Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 70. Japan Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 71. Japan Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 72. South Korea Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 73. South Korea Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 74. South Korea Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 75. India Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 76. India Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 77. India Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 78. Australia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 79. Australia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 80. Australia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 81. Southeast Asia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 82. Southeast Asia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 83. Southeast Asia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 84. Brazil Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 85. Brazil Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 86. Brazil Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 87. Argentina Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 88. Argentina Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 89. Argentina Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 90. Chile Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 91. Chile Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 92. Chile Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 93. Colombia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 94. Colombia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 95. Colombia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 96. Peru Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 97. Peru Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 98. Peru Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 99. Saudi Arabia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 100. Saudi Arabia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 101. Saudi Arabia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 102. Israel Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 103. Israel Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 104. Israel Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 105. UAE Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 106. UAE Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 107. UAE Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 108. Turkey Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 109. Turkey Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 110. Turkey Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 111. Iran Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 112. Iran Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 113. Iran Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 114. Egypt Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 115. Egypt Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 116. Egypt Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 117. Years Considered Figure 118. Research Process Figure 119. Key Executives Interviewed

Scope & coverage.

Types
  • Reward-based Crowdfunding
  • Equity Crowdfunding
  • Donation and Other
Applications
  • Cultural Industries
  • Technology
  • Product
  • Healthcare
  • Other
Companies covered
  • Kickstarter
  • Indiegogo
  • GoFundMe
  • Fundable
  • Crowdcube
  • GoGetFunding
  • Patreon
  • Crowdfunder
  • CircleUp
  • AngelList
  • DonorsChoose
  • Crowdfunder UK
  • FundRazr
  • Companisto
  • Campfire
  • Milaap
  • Crowdo
  • CrowdPlus
  • Modian
  • Idianchou
  • Alibaba
  • Jingdong
  • Suning

Inside the report.

1 Market Overview
  1. 1.1 Product Definition
  2. 1.2 Global Crowdfunding Market Size, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 1.3 Global Crowdfunding Market Size (2021-2032)
  4. 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
  5. 1.5 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Crowdfunding Market Dynamics
  1. 2.1 Crowdfunding Industry Trends
  2. 2.2 Crowdfunding Industry Drivers
  3. 2.3 Crowdfunding Industry Opportunities and Challenges
  4. 2.4 Crowdfunding Industry Restraints
3 Crowdfunding Market by Company
  1. 3.1 Global Crowdfunding Company Revenue Ranking in 2025
  2. 3.2 Global Crowdfunding Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
  3. 3.3 Global Crowdfunding Company Ranking (2024-2026)
  4. 3.4 Global Crowdfunding Company Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
  5. 3.5 Global Crowdfunding Company Product Type and Application
  6. 3.6 Global Crowdfunding Company Establishment Date
  7. 3.7 Market Competitive Analysis
  8. 3.7.1 Global Crowdfunding Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
  9. 3.7.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Company Market Share by Revenue in 2025
  10. 3.7.3 2025 Crowdfunding Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 Companies
  11. 3.8 Mergers and Acquisitions Expansion
4 Crowdfunding Market by Type
  1. 4.1 Crowdfunding Type Introduction
  2. 4.1.1 Reward-based Crowdfunding
  3. 4.1.2 Equity Crowdfunding
  4. 4.1.3 Donation and Other
  5. 4.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type
  6. 4.2.1 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  7. 4.2.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Type (2021-2032)
  8. 4.2.3 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type (2021-2032)
5 Crowdfunding Market by Application
  1. 5.1 Crowdfunding Application Introduction
  2. 5.1.1 Cultural Industries
  3. 5.1.2 Technology
  4. 5.1.3 Product
  5. 5.1.4 Healthcare
  6. 5.1.5 Other
  7. 5.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application
  8. 5.2.1 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  9. 5.2.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Application (2021-2032)
  10. 5.2.3 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application (2021-2032)
6 Crowdfunding Regional Value Analysis
  1. 6.1 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 6.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Region (2021-2032)
  3. 6.2.1 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Region: 2021-2026
  4. 6.2.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Region (2027-2032)
  5. 6.3 North America
  6. 6.3.1 North America Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032)
  7. 6.3.2 North America Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  8. 6.4 Europe
  9. 6.4.1 Europe Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032)
  10. 6.4.2 Europe Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  11. 6.5 Asia-Pacific
  12. 6.5.1 Asia-Pacific Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032)
  13. 6.5.2 Asia-Pacific Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  14. 6.6 South America
  15. 6.6.1 South America Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032)
  16. 6.6.2 South America Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  17. 6.7 Middle East & Africa
  18. 6.7.1 Middle East & Africa Crowdfunding Sales Value (2021-2032)
  19. 6.7.2 Middle East & Africa Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
7 Crowdfunding Country-level Value Analysis
  1. 7.1 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 7.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country (2021-2032)
  3. 7.2.1 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country (2021-2026)
  4. 7.2.2 Global Crowdfunding Sales Value by Country (2027-2032)
  5. 7.3 USA
  6. 7.3.1 USA Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  7. 7.3.2 USA Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  8. 7.3.3 USA Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  9. 7.4 Canada
  10. 7.4.1 Canada Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  11. 7.4.2 Canada Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  12. 7.4.3 Canada Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  13. 7.5 Mexico
  14. 7.5.1 Mexico Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  15. 7.5.2 Mexico Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  16. 7.5.3 Mexico Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  17. 7.6 Germany
  18. 7.6.1 Germany Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  19. 7.6.2 Germany Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  20. 7.6.3 Germany Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  21. 7.7 France
  22. 7.7.1 France Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  23. 7.7.2 France Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  24. 7.7.3 France Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  25. 7.8 U.K.
  26. 7.8.1 U.K. Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  27. 7.8.2 U.K. Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  28. 7.8.3 U.K. Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  29. 7.9 Italy
  30. 7.9.1 Italy Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  31. 7.9.2 Italy Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  32. 7.9.3 Italy Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  33. 7.10 Spain
  34. 7.10.1 Spain Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  35. 7.10.2 Spain Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  36. 7.10.3 Spain Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  37. 7.11 Russia
  38. 7.11.1 Russia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  39. 7.11.2 Russia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  40. 7.11.3 Russia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  41. 7.12 Netherlands
  42. 7.12.1 Netherlands Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  43. 7.12.2 Netherlands Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  44. 7.12.3 Netherlands Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  45. 7.13 Nordic Countries
  46. 7.13.1 Nordic Countries Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  47. 7.13.2 Nordic Countries Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  48. 7.13.3 Nordic Countries Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  49. 7.14 China
  50. 7.14.1 China Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  51. 7.14.2 China Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  52. 7.14.3 China Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  53. 7.15 Japan
  54. 7.15.1 Japan Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  55. 7.15.2 Japan Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  56. 7.15.3 Japan Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  57. 7.16 South Korea
  58. 7.16.1 South Korea Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  59. 7.16.2 South Korea Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  60. 7.16.3 South Korea Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  61. 7.17 India
  62. 7.17.1 India Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  63. 7.17.2 India Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  64. 7.17.3 India Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  65. 7.18 Australia
  66. 7.18.1 Australia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  67. 7.18.2 Australia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  68. 7.18.3 Australia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  69. 7.19 Southeast Asia
  70. 7.19.1 Southeast Asia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  71. 7.19.2 Southeast Asia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  72. 7.19.3 Southeast Asia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  73. 7.20 Brazil
  74. 7.20.1 Brazil Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  75. 7.20.2 Brazil Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  76. 7.20.3 Brazil Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  77. 7.21 Argentina
  78. 7.21.1 Argentina Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  79. 7.21.2 Argentina Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  80. 7.21.3 Argentina Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  81. 7.22 Chile
  82. 7.22.1 Chile Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  83. 7.22.2 Chile Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  84. 7.22.3 Chile Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  85. 7.23 Colombia
  86. 7.23.1 Colombia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  87. 7.23.2 Colombia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  88. 7.23.3 Colombia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  89. 7.24 Peru
  90. 7.24.1 Peru Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  91. 7.24.2 Peru Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  92. 7.24.3 Peru Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  93. 7.25 Saudi Arabia
  94. 7.25.1 Saudi Arabia Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  95. 7.25.2 Saudi Arabia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  96. 7.25.3 Saudi Arabia Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  97. 7.26 Israel
  98. 7.26.1 Israel Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  99. 7.26.2 Israel Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  100. 7.26.3 Israel Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  101. 7.27 UAE
  102. 7.27.1 UAE Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  103. 7.27.2 UAE Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  104. 7.27.3 UAE Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  105. 7.28 Turkey
  106. 7.28.1 Turkey Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  107. 7.28.2 Turkey Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  108. 7.28.3 Turkey Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  109. 7.29 Iran
  110. 7.29.1 Iran Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  111. 7.29.2 Iran Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  112. 7.29.3 Iran Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  113. 7.30 Egypt
  114. 7.30.1 Egypt Crowdfunding Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  115. 7.30.2 Egypt Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  116. 7.30.3 Egypt Crowdfunding Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
8 Company Profiles
  1. 8.1 Kickstarter
  2. 8.1.1 Kickstarter Company Information
  3. 8.1.2 Kickstarter Business Overview
  4. 8.1.3 Kickstarter Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  5. 8.1.4 Kickstarter Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  6. 8.1.5 Kickstarter Recent Developments
  7. 8.2 Indiegogo
  8. 8.2.1 Indiegogo Company Information
  9. 8.2.2 Indiegogo Business Overview
  10. 8.2.3 Indiegogo Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  11. 8.2.4 Indiegogo Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  12. 8.2.5 Indiegogo Recent Developments
  13. 8.3 GoFundMe
  14. 8.3.1 GoFundMe Company Information
  15. 8.3.2 GoFundMe Business Overview
  16. 8.3.3 GoFundMe Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  17. 8.3.4 GoFundMe Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  18. 8.3.5 GoFundMe Recent Developments
  19. 8.4 Fundable
  20. 8.4.1 Fundable Company Information
  21. 8.4.2 Fundable Business Overview
  22. 8.4.3 Fundable Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  23. 8.4.4 Fundable Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  24. 8.4.5 Fundable Recent Developments
  25. 8.5 Crowdcube
  26. 8.5.1 Crowdcube Company Information
  27. 8.5.2 Crowdcube Business Overview
  28. 8.5.3 Crowdcube Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  29. 8.5.4 Crowdcube Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  30. 8.5.5 Crowdcube Recent Developments
  31. 8.6 GoGetFunding
  32. 8.6.1 GoGetFunding Company Information
  33. 8.6.2 GoGetFunding Business Overview
  34. 8.6.3 GoGetFunding Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  35. 8.6.4 GoGetFunding Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  36. 8.6.5 GoGetFunding Recent Developments
  37. 8.7 Patreon
  38. 8.7.1 Patreon Company Information
  39. 8.7.2 Patreon Business Overview
  40. 8.7.3 Patreon Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  41. 8.7.4 Patreon Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  42. 8.7.5 Patreon Recent Developments
  43. 8.8 Crowdfunder
  44. 8.8.1 Crowdfunder Company Information
  45. 8.8.2 Crowdfunder Business Overview
  46. 8.8.3 Crowdfunder Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  47. 8.8.4 Crowdfunder Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  48. 8.8.5 Crowdfunder Recent Developments
  49. 8.9 CircleUp
  50. 8.9.1 CircleUp Company Information
  51. 8.9.2 CircleUp Business Overview
  52. 8.9.3 CircleUp Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  53. 8.9.4 CircleUp Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  54. 8.9.5 CircleUp Recent Developments
  55. 8.10 AngelList
  56. 8.10.1 AngelList Company Information
  57. 8.10.2 AngelList Business Overview
  58. 8.10.3 AngelList Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  59. 8.10.4 AngelList Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  60. 8.10.5 AngelList Recent Developments
  61. 8.11 DonorsChoose
  62. 8.11.1 DonorsChoose Company Information
  63. 8.11.2 DonorsChoose Business Overview
  64. 8.11.3 DonorsChoose Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  65. 8.11.4 DonorsChoose Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  66. 8.11.5 DonorsChoose Recent Developments
  67. 8.12 Crowdfunder UK
  68. 8.12.1 Crowdfunder UK Company Information
  69. 8.12.2 Crowdfunder UK Business Overview
  70. 8.12.3 Crowdfunder UK Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  71. 8.12.4 Crowdfunder UK Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  72. 8.12.5 Crowdfunder UK Recent Developments
  73. 8.13 FundRazr
  74. 8.13.1 FundRazr Company Information
  75. 8.13.2 FundRazr Business Overview
  76. 8.13.3 FundRazr Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  77. 8.13.4 FundRazr Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  78. 8.13.5 FundRazr Recent Developments
  79. 8.14 Companisto
  80. 8.14.1 Companisto Company Information
  81. 8.14.2 Companisto Business Overview
  82. 8.14.3 Companisto Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  83. 8.14.4 Companisto Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  84. 8.14.5 Companisto Recent Developments
  85. 8.15 Campfire
  86. 8.15.1 Campfire Company Information
  87. 8.15.2 Campfire Business Overview
  88. 8.15.3 Campfire Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  89. 8.15.4 Campfire Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  90. 8.15.5 Campfire Recent Developments
  91. 8.16 Milaap
  92. 8.16.1 Milaap Company Information
  93. 8.16.2 Milaap Business Overview
  94. 8.16.3 Milaap Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  95. 8.16.4 Milaap Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  96. 8.16.5 Milaap Recent Developments
  97. 8.17 Crowdo
  98. 8.17.1 Crowdo Company Information
  99. 8.17.2 Crowdo Business Overview
  100. 8.17.3 Crowdo Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  101. 8.17.4 Crowdo Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  102. 8.17.5 Crowdo Recent Developments
  103. 8.18 CrowdPlus
  104. 8.18.1 CrowdPlus Company Information
  105. 8.18.2 CrowdPlus Business Overview
  106. 8.18.3 CrowdPlus Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  107. 8.18.4 CrowdPlus Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  108. 8.18.5 CrowdPlus Recent Developments
  109. 8.19 Modian
  110. 8.19.1 Modian Company Information
  111. 8.19.2 Modian Business Overview
  112. 8.19.3 Modian Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  113. 8.19.4 Modian Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  114. 8.19.5 Modian Recent Developments
  115. 8.20 Idianchou
  116. 8.20.1 Idianchou Company Information
  117. 8.20.2 Idianchou Business Overview
  118. 8.20.3 Idianchou Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  119. 8.20.4 Idianchou Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  120. 8.20.5 Idianchou Recent Developments
  121. 8.21 Alibaba
  122. 8.21.1 Alibaba Company Information
  123. 8.21.2 Alibaba Business Overview
  124. 8.21.3 Alibaba Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  125. 8.21.4 Alibaba Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  126. 8.21.5 Alibaba Recent Developments
  127. 8.22 Jingdong
  128. 8.22.1 Jingdong Company Information
  129. 8.22.2 Jingdong Business Overview
  130. 8.22.3 Jingdong Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  131. 8.22.4 Jingdong Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  132. 8.22.5 Jingdong Recent Developments
  133. 8.23 Suning
  134. 8.23.1 Suning Company Information
  135. 8.23.2 Suning Business Overview
  136. 8.23.3 Suning Crowdfunding Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  137. 8.23.4 Suning Crowdfunding Product Portfolio
  138. 8.23.5 Suning Recent Developments
9 Concluding Insights
    10 Appendix
    1. 10.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
    2. 10.2 Research Methodology
    3. 10.3 Research Process
    4. 10.4 Authors List of This Report
    5. 10.5 Data Source
    6. 10.5.1 Secondary Sources
    7. 10.5.2 Primary Sources

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