APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Graphite Heat Exchanger
Graphite Heat Exchanger covers heat-transfer passages made from duty-specified impervious graphite. Heat passes between fluid streams through a separating surface; channel geometry and materials shape heat transfer and pressure loss.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. Graphite Heat Exchanger is a heat exchanger, the heat transfer medium of which is made of graphite. Graphite materials are used in heat exchangers because they provide good refractory, mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity. Graphite Heat Exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, military and aerospace, medical equipment, lasers, analytical instrumentation, power electronics, semiconductor equipment, machine tools, telecommunications, and more.
The distinguishing feature is heat-transfer passages made from duty-specified impervious graphite. Specify both streams' inlet conditions, flow and allowable pressure loss before comparing surface area. Fouling, viscosity and phase change alter heat transfer and hydraulic resistance. Check the temperature approach and cleaning route; added area cannot compensate for a blocked channel or an incompatible separating wall.
What turns activity into demand
Required thermal duty becomes a purchase after pressure loss, fouling, materials and cleaning access are resolved.
The commercial boundary
Separate exchanger core, complete skid and cooling system; area, capacity and unit count are distinct reporting measures.
Why can a correctly sized heat exchanger miss its installed duty?
The distinguishing feature is heat-transfer passages made from duty-specified impervious graphite. Specify both streams' inlet conditions, flow and allowable pressure loss before comparing surface area. Fouling, viscosity and phase change alter heat transfer and hydraulic resistance. Check the temperature approach and cleaning route; added area cannot compensate for a blocked channel or an incompatible separating wall.
Selected research
Industry Growth & Trends
Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2032
Market perspective
A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. Graphite Heat Exchanger is a heat exchanger, the heat transfer medium of which is made of graphite. Graphite materials are used in heat exchangers because they provide good refractory, mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity. Graphite Heat Exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, military and aerospace, medical equipment, lasers, analytical instrumentation, power electronics, semiconductor equipment, machine tools, telecommunications, and more.
Global Graphite Heat Exchanger key players include MERSEN, Nantong Sunshine, Nantong Xingqiu, etc. Global top three manufacturers hold a share over 40%.
China is the largest market, with a share over 40%, followed by Europe, and North America, both have a share over 30 percent.
Read the full market overview
In terms of product, Shell and Tubes is the largest segment, with a share about 65%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Chemical Industrial, followed by Petrochemical Industrial, Metal Surface Treatment Industrial, Pharmaceutical Industrial, etc.
Report Scope
This report provides a structured, data-driven view of the global Graphite Heat Exchanger market, combining harmonized quantitative metrics with targeted qualitative insight to support business and growth strategy, market positioning, and capital allocation.
The Graphite Heat Exchanger market size, estimates, and forecasts are presented in terms of sales volume (K Sqm) and revenue (US$ million), with 2025 as the base year and historical and forecast data for 2021-2032. The report segments the global Graphite Heat Exchanger market by Type, Application, region/country, and company, provides regional market sizes at the segment level, profiles the competitive landscape and key players and their market ranks, and reviews technology trends and new product developments relevant to Graphite Heat Exchanger.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section analyzes the strategies and performance of leading manufacturers in the global Graphite Heat Exchanger market, including portfolio focus, innovation and product development, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion used to sustain or enhance competitive positions. It also summarizes recent corporate developments and key financial indicators and provides global revenue, price, and sales volume data by manufacturer for 2020-2025, enabling benchmarking of scale, pricing, and market share and supporting assessment of market concentration through indicators such as CR5 and CR10.
Graphite Heat Exchanger Market by Company
SGL Group
MERSEN
Nantong Sunshine
Nantong Xingqiu
Graphite India Limited
Nantong Shanjian
Qingdao Boao
Qingdao BoHua
Qingdao Hanxin
Nantong Graphite
Zibo Shengxin
HEAD
Nantong Xinbao
Active Chemical Systems
CG Thermal
Graphite Heat Exchanger Segment by Type
Shell and Tubes
Blocks
Plates
Graphite Heat Exchanger Segment by Application
Chemical Industrial
Petrochemical Industrial
Metal Surface Treatment Industrial
Pharmaceutical Industrial
Food and Beverage Industrial
Others
Graphite Heat Exchanger Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Graphite Heat Exchanger market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Graphite Heat Exchanger and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Graphite Heat Exchanger.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Graphite Heat Exchanger manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Graphite Heat Exchanger in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Shell and Tubes
- Blocks
- Plates
Applications
- Chemical Industrial
- Petrochemical Industrial
- Metal Surface Treatment Industrial
- Pharmaceutical Industrial
- Food and Beverage Industrial
- Others
Companies covered
- SGL Group
- MERSEN
- Nantong Sunshine
- Nantong Xingqiu
- Graphite India Limited
- Nantong Shanjian
- Qingdao Boao
- Qingdao BoHua
- Qingdao Hanxin
- Nantong Graphite
- Zibo Shengxin
- HEAD
- Nantong Xinbao
- Active Chemical Systems
- CG Thermal
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.3 Graphite Heat Exchanger Market by Type
- 1.3.1 Shell and Tubes
- 1.3.2 Blocks
- 1.3.3 Plates
- 1.4 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Type
- 1.4.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Historic Market Size Review by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
- 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
- 1.5.1 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.2 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.4 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
2 Global Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Graphite Heat Exchanger Industry Trends
- 2.2 Graphite Heat Exchanger Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Graphite Heat Exchanger Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Graphite Heat Exchanger Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
- 3.1 Global Top Players by Graphite Heat Exchanger Revenue (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Top Players by Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Top Players by Graphite Heat Exchanger Price (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Company, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Company Establishment Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Graphite Heat Exchanger Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 Graphite Heat Exchanger Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Graphite Heat Exchanger Regional Status and Outlook
- 4.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Historic Market Size by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales in Volume by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales in Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Forecasted Market Size by Region
- 4.3.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales in Volume by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales in Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2027-2032)
5 Graphite Heat Exchanger by Application
- 5.1 Graphite Heat Exchanger Market by Application
- 5.1.1 Chemical Industrial
- 5.1.2 Petrochemical Industrial
- 5.1.3 Metal Surface Treatment Industrial
- 5.1.4 Pharmaceutical Industrial
- 5.1.5 Food and Beverage Industrial
- 5.1.6 Others
- 5.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Historic Market Size Review by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global Graphite Heat Exchanger Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
- 5.3.1 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.2 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.4 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 SGL Group
- 6.1.1 SGL Group Company Information
- 6.1.2 SGL Group Business Overview
- 6.1.3 SGL Group Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 SGL Group Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 SGL Group Recent Developments
- 6.2 MERSEN
- 6.2.1 MERSEN Company Information
- 6.2.2 MERSEN Business Overview
- 6.2.3 MERSEN Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 MERSEN Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 MERSEN Recent Developments
- 6.3 Nantong Sunshine
- 6.3.1 Nantong Sunshine Company Information
- 6.3.2 Nantong Sunshine Business Overview
- 6.3.3 Nantong Sunshine Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 Nantong Sunshine Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 Nantong Sunshine Recent Developments
- 6.4 Nantong Xingqiu
- 6.4.1 Nantong Xingqiu Company Information
- 6.4.2 Nantong Xingqiu Business Overview
- 6.4.3 Nantong Xingqiu Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 Nantong Xingqiu Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 Nantong Xingqiu Recent Developments
- 6.5 Graphite India Limited
- 6.5.1 Graphite India Limited Company Information
- 6.5.2 Graphite India Limited Business Overview
- 6.5.3 Graphite India Limited Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 Graphite India Limited Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 Graphite India Limited Recent Developments
- 6.6 Nantong Shanjian
- 6.6.1 Nantong Shanjian Company Information
- 6.6.2 Nantong Shanjian Business Overview
- 6.6.3 Nantong Shanjian Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 Nantong Shanjian Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 Nantong Shanjian Recent Developments
- 6.7 Qingdao Boao
- 6.7.1 Qingdao Boao Company Information
- 6.7.2 Qingdao Boao Business Overview
- 6.7.3 Qingdao Boao Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 Qingdao Boao Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 Qingdao Boao Recent Developments
- 6.8 Qingdao BoHua
- 6.8.1 Qingdao BoHua Company Information
- 6.8.2 Qingdao BoHua Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Qingdao BoHua Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Qingdao BoHua Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Qingdao BoHua Recent Developments
- 6.9 Qingdao Hanxin
- 6.9.1 Qingdao Hanxin Company Information
- 6.9.2 Qingdao Hanxin Business Overview
- 6.9.3 Qingdao Hanxin Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 Qingdao Hanxin Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 Qingdao Hanxin Recent Developments
- 6.10 Nantong Graphite
- 6.10.1 Nantong Graphite Company Information
- 6.10.2 Nantong Graphite Business Overview
- 6.10.3 Nantong Graphite Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 Nantong Graphite Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 Nantong Graphite Recent Developments
- 6.11 Zibo Shengxin
- 6.11.1 Zibo Shengxin Company Information
- 6.11.2 Zibo Shengxin Business Overview
- 6.11.3 Zibo Shengxin Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 Zibo Shengxin Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 Zibo Shengxin Recent Developments
- 6.12 HEAD
- 6.12.1 HEAD Company Information
- 6.12.2 HEAD Business Overview
- 6.12.3 HEAD Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 HEAD Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 HEAD Recent Developments
- 6.13 Nantong Xinbao
- 6.13.1 Nantong Xinbao Company Information
- 6.13.2 Nantong Xinbao Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Nantong Xinbao Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Nantong Xinbao Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Nantong Xinbao Recent Developments
- 6.14 Active Chemical Systems
- 6.14.1 Active Chemical Systems Company Information
- 6.14.2 Active Chemical Systems Business Overview
- 6.14.3 Active Chemical Systems Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 Active Chemical Systems Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 Active Chemical Systems Recent Developments
- 6.15 CG Thermal
- 6.15.1 CG Thermal Company Information
- 6.15.2 CG Thermal Business Overview
- 6.15.3 CG Thermal Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.15.4 CG Thermal Graphite Heat Exchanger Product Portfolio
- 6.15.5 CG Thermal Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
- 7.1 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country
- 7.1.1 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.1.2 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.1.3 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 7.2 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country
- 7.2.1 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2.2 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.2.3 North America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
8 Europe by Country
- 8.1 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country
- 8.1.1 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.1.2 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.1.3 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country
- 8.2.1 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2.2 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.2.3 Europe Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country
- 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country
- 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
10 South America by Country
- 10.1 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country
- 10.1.1 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.1.2 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.1.3 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 10.2 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country
- 10.2.1 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.2.2 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.2.3 South America Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
- 11.1 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country
- 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country
- 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Graphite Heat Exchanger Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.1 Graphite Heat Exchanger Value Chain Analysis
- 12.1.1 Graphite Heat Exchanger Key Raw Materials
- 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
- 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 12.1.5 Graphite Heat Exchanger Production Mode & Process
- 12.2 Graphite Heat Exchanger Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 12.2.2 Graphite Heat Exchanger Distributors
- 12.2.3 Graphite Heat Exchanger Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
- 14.6 Disclaimer
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