APO Research
Talk to an analyst

APO RESEARCH · REPORT

Unidirectional V2G

Compare research editions
View pricing & licenses

Selected research

Market Outlook & Growth Opportunities

Global Unidirectional V2G Market Outlook and Growth Opportunities 2026

22 December 2025191 pages

Choose your research edition.

Industry ResearchUnidirectional V2G Industry Research Report 2026124 pages · $2,950 USDIndustry Growth & TrendsGlobal Unidirectional V2G Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 203298 pages · $3,450 USDMarket StructureGlobal Unidirectional V2G Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2021-2032189 pages · $3,950 USDMarket Outlook & Growth OpportunitiesGlobal Unidirectional V2G Market Outlook and Growth Opportunities 2026191 pages · $4,250 USDMarket Analysis & ForecastGlobal Unidirectional V2G Market Analysis and Forecast 2026-2032204 pages · $4,950 USD

Market perspective

The global Unidirectional V2G market was valued at US$ million in 2026 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of % over 2026-2032.

The North America market for Unidirectional V2G is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

The Europe market for Unidirectional V2G is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

Read the full market overview

The Asia Pacific market for Unidirectional V2G is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

In China, the Unidirectional V2G market is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.

Major global companies in the Unidirectional V2G market include E.ON, The Mobility House, Tennet, NUVVE, Moixa, KEPCO, Enel Energia, ActewAGL and Tokyo Electric Power, among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.

This report provides an overview of the global Unidirectional V2G market in terms of sales, revenue, and price, analyzing global market trends using historical revenue and sales data for 2021-2025, estimates for 2026, and projected CAGRs through 2032.

The study covers key producers of Unidirectional V2G and sales in major regions and countries, assesses future market potential, and highlights priority regions and countries for segmenting the market into sub-sectors, with country-specific market value data for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, the Middle East, Africa, and other countries.

The report also presents Unidirectional V2G sales, revenue, market share, and industry ranking for the main manufacturers for 2021-2026, identifies the major stakeholders in the global market, and analyzes their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues.

In addition, the report analyzes segment data by Type and Application—covering sales, revenue, and price—for 2021-2032, and evaluates and forecasts the Unidirectional V2G market size, projected growth trends, production technologies, key applications, and end-use industries.

Unidirectional V2G Segment by Company

E.ON

The Mobility House

Tennet

NUVVE

Moixa

KEPCO

Enel Energia

ActewAGL

Tokyo Electric Power

Unidirectional V2G Segment by Type

Shared V2G

Home V2G

Unidirectional V2G Segment by Application

Battery Electric Vehicles

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Unidirectional V2G Segment by Region

North America

United States

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

U.K.

Italy

Russia

Spain

Netherlands

Switzerland

Sweden

Poland

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

South Korea

India

Australia

Taiwan

Southeast Asia

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

Middle East & Africa

Egypt

South Africa

Israel

Türkiye

GCC Countries

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global Unidirectional V2G status and future forecast, involving, sales, revenue, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

2. To present the key manufacturers, sales, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.

3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.

4. To analyze the global and key regions Unidirectional V2G market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.

5. To identify Unidirectional V2G significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.

6. To analyze Unidirectional V2G competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Unidirectional V2G market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Unidirectional V2G and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in sales and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Unidirectional V2G.

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the Unidirectional V2G market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, sales value, sales volume, and average price forecasts (2021-2032).

Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Unidirectional V2G industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Unidirectional V2G manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 6: Sales and value of Unidirectional V2G in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.

Chapter 7: Sales and value of Unidirectional V2G in country level. It provides sigmate data by type, and by application for each country/region.

Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 10: Concluding Insights.

More report detail

Tables and figures
List of Tables Table 1. Unidirectional V2G Industry Trends Table 2. Unidirectional V2G Industry Drivers Table 3. Unidirectional V2G Industry Opportunities and Challenges Table 4. Unidirectional V2G Industry Restraints Table 5. Global Unidirectional V2G Revenue by Company (US$ Million) & (2021-2026) Table 6. Global Unidirectional V2G Revenue Share by Company (2021-2026) Table 7. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Company (K Units) & (2021-2026) Table 8. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Company (2021-2026) Table 9. Global Unidirectional V2G Average Price (US$/Unit) of Company (2021-2026) Table 10. Global Unidirectional V2G Company Ranking, (2024-2026) & (USD Million) Table 11. Global Unidirectional V2G Key Company Manufacturing Base & Headquarters Table 12. Global Unidirectional V2G Company, Product Type & Application Table 13. Global Unidirectional V2G Company Establishment Date Table 14. Global Company Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table 15. Global Unidirectional V2G by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (Based on Revenue of 2025) Table 16. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Table 17. Significant Companies of Shared V2G Table 18. Significant Companies of Home V2G Table 19. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (K Units) Table 20. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units) Table 21. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type (2027-2032) & (K Units) Table 22. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Type (2021-2026) Table 23. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Type (2027-2032) Table 24. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 25. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 26. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 27. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type (2021-2026) Table 28. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type (2027-2032) Table 29. Significant Companies of Battery Electric Vehicles Table 30. Significant Companies of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Table 31. Significant Companies of Fuel Cell Vehicles Table 32. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (K Units) Table 33. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units) Table 34. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application (2027-2032) & (K Units) Table 35. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Application (2021-2026) Table 36. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Application (2027-2032) Table 37. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 38. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 39. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 40. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application (2021-2026) Table 41. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application (2027-2032) Table 42. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (K Units) Table 43. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (K Units) Table 44. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Market Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 45. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region (2027-2032) & (K Units) Table 46. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Market Share by Region (2027-2032) Table 47. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Comparison by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 48. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Region (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 49. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 50. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Region (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 51. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Region (2027-2032) Table 52. Global Unidirectional V2G Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2021-2026) Table 53. Global Unidirectional V2G Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2027-2032) Table 54. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (K Units) Table 55. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 56. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K Units) Table 57. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 58. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country (2027-2032) & (K Units) Table 59. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Market Share by Country (2027-2032) Table 60. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 61. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Market Share by Country (2021-2026) Table 62. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 63. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Market Share by Country (2027-2032) Table 64. E.ON Company Information Table 65. E.ON Business Overview Table 66. E.ON Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 67. E.ON Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 68. E.ON Recent Development Table 69. The Mobility House Company Information Table 70. The Mobility House Business Overview Table 71. The Mobility House Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 72. The Mobility House Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 73. The Mobility House Recent Development Table 74. Tennet Company Information Table 75. Tennet Business Overview Table 76. Tennet Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 77. Tennet Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 78. Tennet Recent Development Table 79. NUVVE Company Information Table 80. NUVVE Business Overview Table 81. NUVVE Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 82. NUVVE Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 83. NUVVE Recent Development Table 84. Moixa Company Information Table 85. Moixa Business Overview Table 86. Moixa Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 87. Moixa Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 88. Moixa Recent Development Table 89. KEPCO Company Information Table 90. KEPCO Business Overview Table 91. KEPCO Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 92. KEPCO Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 93. KEPCO Recent Development Table 94. Enel Energia Company Information Table 95. Enel Energia Business Overview Table 96. Enel Energia Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 97. Enel Energia Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 98. Enel Energia Recent Development Table 99. ActewAGL Company Information Table 100. ActewAGL Business Overview Table 101. ActewAGL Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 102. ActewAGL Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 103. ActewAGL Recent Development Table 104. Tokyo Electric Power Company Information Table 105. Tokyo Electric Power Business Overview Table 106. Tokyo Electric Power Unidirectional V2G Sales (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 107. Tokyo Electric Power Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio Table 108. Tokyo Electric Power Recent Development Table 109. Key Raw Materials Table 110. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Table 111. Unidirectional V2G Distributors List Table 112. Unidirectional V2G Customers List Table 113. Research Programs/Design for This Report Table 114. Authors List of This Report Table 115. Secondary Sources Table 116. Primary Sources List of Figures Figure 1. Unidirectional V2G Product Image Figure 2. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 3. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 4. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales (2021-2032) & (K Units) Figure 5. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2021-2032) Figure 6. Global Unidirectional V2G Company Revenue Ranking in 2025 (US$ Million) Figure 7. Global Top 5 and 10 Company Market Share by Revenue in 2025 (US$ Million) Figure 8. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 VS 2025 Figure 9. Shared V2G Image Figure 10. Home V2G Image Figure 11. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (K Units) Figure 12. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 13. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Type (2021-2032) Figure 14. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 15. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 16. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type (2021-2032) Figure 17. Battery Electric Vehicles Image Figure 18. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Image Figure 19. Fuel Cell Vehicles Image Figure 20. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (K Units) Figure 21. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 22. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Application (2021-2032) Figure 23. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 24. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 25. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application (2021-2032) Figure 26. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (K Units) Figure 27. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Market Share by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 28. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Comparison by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 29. Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 30. North America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 31. North America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 32. Europe Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 33. Europe Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 35. Asia-Pacific Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 36. South America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 37. South America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 38. Middle East & Africa Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 39. Middle East & Africa Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country (%), 2025 VS 2032 Figure 40. USA Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 41. USA Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 42. USA Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 43. Canada Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 44. Canada Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 45. Canada Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 46. Mexico Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 47. Mexico Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 48. Mexico Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 49. Germany Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 50. Germany Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 51. Germany Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 52. France Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 53. France Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 54. France Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 55. U.K. Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 56. U.K. Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 57. U.K. Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 58. Italy Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 59. Italy Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 60. Italy Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 61. Spain Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 62. Spain Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 63. Spain Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 64. Russia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 65. Russia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 66. Russia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 67. Netherlands Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 68. Netherlands Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 69. Netherlands Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 70. Nordic Countries Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 71. Nordic Countries Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 72. Nordic Countries Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 73. China Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 74. China Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 75. China Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 76. Japan Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 77. Japan Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 78. Japan Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 79. South Korea Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 80. South Korea Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 81. South Korea Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 82. India Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 83. India Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 84. India Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 85. Australia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 86. Australia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 87. Australia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 88. Southeast Asia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 89. Southeast Asia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 90. Southeast Asia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 91. Brazil Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 92. Brazil Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 93. Brazil Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 94. Argentina Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 95. Argentina Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 96. Argentina Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 97. Chile Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 98. Chile Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 99. Chile Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 100. Colombia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 101. Colombia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 102. Colombia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 103. Peru Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 104. Peru Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 105. Peru Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 106. Saudi Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 107. Saudi Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 108. Saudi Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 109. Israel Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 110. Israel Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 111. Israel Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 112. UAE Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 113. UAE Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 114. UAE Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 115. Turkey Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 116. Turkey Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 117. Turkey Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 118. Iran Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 119. Iran Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 120. Iran Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 121. Egypt Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 122. Egypt Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 123. Egypt Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032 & (%) Figure 124. Unidirectional V2G Value Chain Figure 125. Manufacturing Cost Structure Figure 126. Unidirectional V2G Sales Mode & Process Figure 127. Direct Comparison with Distribution Share Figure 128. Distributors Profiles Figure 129. Years Considered Figure 130. Research Process Figure 131. Key Executives Interviewed

Scope & coverage.

Types
  • Shared V2G
  • Home V2G
Applications
  • Battery Electric Vehicles
  • Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  • Fuel Cell Vehicles
Companies covered
  • E.ON
  • The Mobility House
  • Tennet
  • NUVVE
  • Moixa
  • KEPCO
  • Enel Energia
  • ActewAGL
  • Tokyo Electric Power

Inside the report.

1 Market Overview
  1. 1.1 Product Definition
  2. 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
  3. 1.2.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032)
  4. 1.2.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume (2021-2032)
  5. 1.2.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Average Price (2021-2032)
  6. 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
  7. 1.4 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Unidirectional V2G Market Dynamics
  1. 2.1 Unidirectional V2G Industry Trends
  2. 2.2 Unidirectional V2G Industry Drivers
  3. 2.3 Unidirectional V2G Industry Opportunities and Challenges
  4. 2.4 Unidirectional V2G Industry Restraints
3 Unidirectional V2G Market by Company
  1. 3.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Company Revenue Ranking in 2025
  2. 3.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Revenue by Company (2021-2026)
  3. 3.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Company (2021-2026)
  4. 3.4 Global Unidirectional V2G Average Price by Company (2021-2026)
  5. 3.5 Global Unidirectional V2G Company Ranking (2024-2026)
  6. 3.6 Global Unidirectional V2G Company Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
  7. 3.7 Global Unidirectional V2G Company Product Type and Application
  8. 3.8 Global Unidirectional V2G Company Establishment Date
  9. 3.9 Market Competitive Analysis
  10. 3.9.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
  11. 3.9.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Company Market Share by Revenue in 2025
  12. 3.9.3 2025 Unidirectional V2G Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 Companies
  13. 3.10 Mergers and Acquisitions Expansion
4 Unidirectional V2G Market by Type
  1. 4.1 Unidirectional V2G Type Introduction
  2. 4.1.1 Shared V2G
  3. 4.1.2 Home V2G
  4. 4.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type
  5. 4.2.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  6. 4.2.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Type (2021-2032)
  7. 4.2.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Type (2021-2032)
  8. 4.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type
  9. 4.3.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  10. 4.3.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Type (2021-2032)
  11. 4.3.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type (2021-2032)
5 Unidirectional V2G Market by Application
  1. 5.1 Unidirectional V2G Application Introduction
  2. 5.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles
  3. 5.1.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  4. 5.1.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles
  5. 5.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application
  6. 5.2.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  7. 5.2.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume by Application (2021-2032)
  8. 5.2.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Volume Share by Application (2021-2032)
  9. 5.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application
  10. 5.3.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  11. 5.3.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Application (2021-2032)
  12. 5.3.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application (2021-2032)
6 Unidirectional V2G Regional Sales and Value Analysis
  1. 6.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 6.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region (2021-2032)
  3. 6.2.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region: 2021-2026
  4. 6.2.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Region (2027-2032)
  5. 6.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  6. 6.4 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Region (2021-2032)
  7. 6.4.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Region: 2021-2026
  8. 6.4.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Region (2027-2032)
  9. 6.5 Global Unidirectional V2G Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2026)
  10. 6.6 North America
  11. 6.6.1 North America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032)
  12. 6.6.2 North America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  13. 6.7 Europe
  14. 6.7.1 Europe Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032)
  15. 6.7.2 Europe Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  16. 6.8 Asia-Pacific
  17. 6.8.1 Asia-Pacific Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032)
  18. 6.8.2 Asia-Pacific Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  19. 6.9 South America
  20. 6.9.1 South America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032)
  21. 6.9.2 South America Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
  22. 6.10 Middle East & Africa
  23. 6.10.1 Middle East & Africa Unidirectional V2G Sales Value (2021-2032)
  24. 6.10.2 Middle East & Africa Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Country, 2025 VS 2032
7 Unidirectional V2G Country-level Sales and Value Analysis
  1. 7.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 7.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  3. 7.3 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country (2021-2032)
  4. 7.3.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country (2021-2026)
  5. 7.3.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales by Country (2027-2032)
  6. 7.4 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country (2021-2032)
  7. 7.4.1 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country (2021-2026)
  8. 7.4.2 Global Unidirectional V2G Sales Value by Country (2027-2032)
  9. 7.5 USA
  10. 7.5.1 USA Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  11. 7.5.2 USA Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  12. 7.5.3 USA Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  13. 7.6 Canada
  14. 7.6.1 Canada Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  15. 7.6.2 Canada Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  16. 7.6.3 Canada Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  17. 7.7 Mexico
  18. 7.6.1 Mexico Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  19. 7.6.2 Mexico Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  20. 7.6.3 Mexico Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  21. 7.8 Germany
  22. 7.8.1 Germany Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  23. 7.8.2 Germany Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  24. 7.8.3 Germany Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  25. 7.9 France
  26. 7.9.1 France Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  27. 7.9.2 France Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  28. 7.9.3 France Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  29. 7.10 U.K.
  30. 7.10.1 U.K. Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  31. 7.10.2 U.K. Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  32. 7.10.3 U.K. Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  33. 7.11 Italy
  34. 7.11.1 Italy Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  35. 7.11.2 Italy Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  36. 7.11.3 Italy Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  37. 7.12 Spain
  38. 7.12.1 Spain Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  39. 7.12.2 Spain Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  40. 7.12.3 Spain Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  41. 7.13 Russia
  42. 7.13.1 Russia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  43. 7.13.2 Russia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  44. 7.13.3 Russia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  45. 7.14 Netherlands
  46. 7.14.1 Netherlands Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  47. 7.14.2 Netherlands Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  48. 7.14.3 Netherlands Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  49. 7.15 Nordic Countries
  50. 7.15.1 Nordic Countries Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  51. 7.15.2 Nordic Countries Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  52. 7.15.3 Nordic Countries Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  53. 7.16 China
  54. 7.16.1 China Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  55. 7.16.2 China Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  56. 7.16.3 China Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  57. 7.17 Japan
  58. 7.17.1 Japan Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  59. 7.17.2 Japan Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  60. 7.17.3 Japan Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  61. 7.18 South Korea
  62. 7.18.1 South Korea Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  63. 7.18.2 South Korea Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  64. 7.18.3 South Korea Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  65. 7.19 India
  66. 7.19.1 India Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  67. 7.19.2 India Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  68. 7.19.3 India Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  69. 7.20 Australia
  70. 7.20.1 Australia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  71. 7.20.2 Australia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  72. 7.20.3 Australia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  73. 7.21 Southeast Asia
  74. 7.21.1 Southeast Asia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  75. 7.21.2 Southeast Asia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  76. 7.21.3 Southeast Asia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  77. 7.22 Brazil
  78. 7.22.1 Brazil Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  79. 7.22.2 Brazil Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  80. 7.22.3 Brazil Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  81. 7.23 Argentina
  82. 7.23.1 Argentina Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  83. 7.23.2 Argentina Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  84. 7.23.3 Argentina Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  85. 7.24 Chile
  86. 7.24.1 Chile Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  87. 7.24.2 Chile Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  88. 7.24.3 Chile Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  89. 7.25 Colombia
  90. 7.25.1 Colombia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  91. 7.25.2 Colombia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  92. 7.25.3 Colombia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  93. 7.26 Peru
  94. 7.26.1 Peru Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  95. 7.26.2 Peru Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  96. 7.26.3 Peru Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  97. 7.27 Saudi Arabia
  98. 7.27.1 Saudi Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  99. 7.27.2 Saudi Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  100. 7.27.3 Saudi Arabia Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  101. 7.28 Israel
  102. 7.28.1 Israel Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  103. 7.28.2 Israel Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  104. 7.28.3 Israel Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  105. 7.29 UAE
  106. 7.29.1 UAE Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  107. 7.29.2 UAE Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  108. 7.29.3 UAE Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  109. 7.30 Turkey
  110. 7.30.1 Turkey Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  111. 7.30.2 Turkey Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  112. 7.30.3 Turkey Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  113. 7.31 Iran
  114. 7.31.1 Iran Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  115. 7.31.2 Iran Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  116. 7.31.3 Iran Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
  117. 7.32 Egypt
  118. 7.32.1 Egypt Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Growth Rate (2021-2032)
  119. 7.32.2 Egypt Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Type, 2025 VS 2032
  120. 7.32.3 Egypt Unidirectional V2G Sales Value Share by Application, 2025 VS 2032
8 Company Profiles
  1. 8.1 E.ON
  2. 8.1.1 E.ON Company Information
  3. 8.1.2 E.ON Business Overview
  4. 8.1.3 E.ON Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  5. 8.1.4 E.ON Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  6. 8.1.5 E.ON Recent Developments
  7. 8.2 The Mobility House
  8. 8.2.1 The Mobility House Company Information
  9. 8.2.2 The Mobility House Business Overview
  10. 8.2.3 The Mobility House Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  11. 8.2.4 The Mobility House Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  12. 8.2.5 The Mobility House Recent Developments
  13. 8.3 Tennet
  14. 8.3.1 Tennet Company Information
  15. 8.3.2 Tennet Business Overview
  16. 8.3.3 Tennet Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  17. 8.3.4 Tennet Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  18. 8.3.5 Tennet Recent Developments
  19. 8.4 NUVVE
  20. 8.4.1 NUVVE Company Information
  21. 8.4.2 NUVVE Business Overview
  22. 8.4.3 NUVVE Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  23. 8.4.4 NUVVE Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  24. 8.4.5 NUVVE Recent Developments
  25. 8.5 Moixa
  26. 8.5.1 Moixa Company Information
  27. 8.5.2 Moixa Business Overview
  28. 8.5.3 Moixa Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  29. 8.5.4 Moixa Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  30. 8.5.5 Moixa Recent Developments
  31. 8.6 KEPCO
  32. 8.6.1 KEPCO Company Information
  33. 8.6.2 KEPCO Business Overview
  34. 8.6.3 KEPCO Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  35. 8.6.4 KEPCO Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  36. 8.6.5 KEPCO Recent Developments
  37. 8.7 Enel Energia
  38. 8.7.1 Enel Energia Company Information
  39. 8.7.2 Enel Energia Business Overview
  40. 8.7.3 Enel Energia Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  41. 8.7.4 Enel Energia Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  42. 8.7.5 Enel Energia Recent Developments
  43. 8.8 ActewAGL
  44. 8.8.1 ActewAGL Company Information
  45. 8.8.2 ActewAGL Business Overview
  46. 8.8.3 ActewAGL Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  47. 8.8.4 ActewAGL Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  48. 8.8.5 ActewAGL Recent Developments
  49. 8.9 Tokyo Electric Power
  50. 8.9.1 Tokyo Electric Power Company Information
  51. 8.9.2 Tokyo Electric Power Business Overview
  52. 8.9.3 Tokyo Electric Power Unidirectional V2G Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  53. 8.9.4 Tokyo Electric Power Unidirectional V2G Product Portfolio
  54. 8.9.5 Tokyo Electric Power Recent Developments
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
  1. 9.1 Unidirectional V2G Value Chain Analysis
  2. 9.1.1 Unidirectional V2G Key Raw Materials
  3. 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  4. 9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  5. 9.1.4 Unidirectional V2G Sales Mode & Process
  6. 9.2 Unidirectional V2G Sales Channels Analysis
  7. 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  8. 9.2.2 Unidirectional V2G Distributors
  9. 9.2.3 Unidirectional V2G Customers
10 Concluding Insights
    11 Appendix
    1. 11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
    2. 11.2 Research Methodology
    3. 11.3 Research Process
    4. 11.4 Authors List of This Report
    5. 11.5 Data Source
    6. 11.5.1 Secondary Sources
    7. 11.5.2 Primary Sources

    GET THE RESEARCH

    Choose your license.

    Choose who needs access.
    All options are for this report and research series.

    Compare access permissions.

    Single User License
    One named user. Individual access.
    Multi User License
    Up to 5 users in the same department.
    Enterprise License
    Organization-wide access within the agreed license.

    Access applies to the purchased edition. Later editions are separate purchases.

    License options
    $4,250USD
    Buy now

    PDF by email within 3–5 working days after payment confirmation.

    Talk to an analyst
    APO Research
    Talk to an analyst