Selected research
Industry Growth & Trends
Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2032
Market perspective
The global EV Lithium Battery Management System market was valued at US$ million in 2026 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2032, implying a CAGR of xx% over 2026-2032.
The North America market for EV Lithium Battery Management System is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, corresponding to a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
The Europe market for EV Lithium Battery Management System is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, registering a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Read the full market overview
The Asia Pacific market for EV Lithium Battery Management System is projected to increase from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % over 2026-2032.
Leading global manufacturers of EV Lithium Battery Management System include FinDreams Battery, Tesla, CATL, LG Innotek, LIGOO New Energy Technology, Sinoev, UAES, Hyundai Mobis and Preh, among others. In 2025, the top three vendors together accounted for approximately % of global revenue.
Report Scope
This report provides a structured, data-driven view of the global EV Lithium Battery Management System market, combining harmonized quantitative metrics with targeted qualitative insight to support business and growth strategy, market positioning, and capital allocation.
The EV Lithium Battery Management System market size, estimates, and forecasts are presented in terms of sales volume (k units) and revenue (US$ million), with 2025 as the base year and historical and forecast data for 2021-2032. The report segments the global EV Lithium Battery Management System market by Type, Application, region/country, and company, provides regional market sizes at the segment level, profiles the competitive landscape and key players and their market ranks, and reviews technology trends and new product developments relevant to EV Lithium Battery Management System.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section analyzes the strategies and performance of leading manufacturers in the global EV Lithium Battery Management System market, including portfolio focus, innovation and product development, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion used to sustain or enhance competitive positions. It also summarizes recent corporate developments and key financial indicators and provides global revenue, price, and sales volume data by manufacturer for 2020-2025, enabling benchmarking of scale, pricing, and market share and supporting assessment of market concentration through indicators such as CR5 and CR10.
EV Lithium Battery Management System Market by Company
FinDreams Battery
Tesla
CATL
LG Innotek
LIGOO New Energy Technology
Sinoev
UAES
Hyundai Mobis
Preh
SAIC Motor
SVOLT Energy
VREMT
Ficosa
Denso Corporation
G-Pulse Electronics
Neusoft Reach
Hyundai Kefico
Gotion High-Tech
GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology
KLClear Technology
E-POWER Electronics
EV Lithium Battery Management System Segment by Type
Distributed BMS
Centralized BMS
EV Lithium Battery Management System Segment by Application
BEV
PHEV
EV Lithium Battery Management System Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global EV Lithium Battery Management System market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of EV Lithium Battery Management System and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of EV Lithium Battery Management System.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of EV Lithium Battery Management System manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of EV Lithium Battery Management System in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Distributed BMS
- Centralized BMS
Applications
- BEV
- PHEV
Companies covered
- FinDreams Battery
- Tesla
- CATL
- LG Innotek
- LIGOO New Energy Technology
- Sinoev
- UAES
- Hyundai Mobis
- Preh
- SAIC Motor
- SVOLT Energy
- VREMT
- Ficosa
- Denso Corporation
- G-Pulse Electronics
- Neusoft Reach
- Hyundai Kefico
- Gotion High-Tech
- GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology
- KLClear Technology
- E-POWER Electronics
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.3 EV Lithium Battery Management System Market by Type
- 1.3.1 Distributed BMS
- 1.3.2 Centralized BMS
- 1.4 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Type
- 1.4.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Historic Market Size Review by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
- 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
- 1.5.1 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.2 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.4 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
2 Global Market Dynamics
- 2.1 EV Lithium Battery Management System Industry Trends
- 2.2 EV Lithium Battery Management System Industry Drivers
- 2.3 EV Lithium Battery Management System Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 EV Lithium Battery Management System Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
- 3.1 Global Top Players by EV Lithium Battery Management System Revenue (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Top Players by EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Top Players by EV Lithium Battery Management System Price (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Company, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Company Establishment Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 EV Lithium Battery Management System Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 EV Lithium Battery Management System Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 EV Lithium Battery Management System Regional Status and Outlook
- 4.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Historic Market Size by Region
- 4.2.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales in Volume by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales in Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Forecasted Market Size by Region
- 4.3.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales in Volume by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales in Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2027-2032)
5 EV Lithium Battery Management System by Application
- 5.1 EV Lithium Battery Management System Market by Application
- 5.1.1 BEV
- 5.1.2 PHEV
- 5.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Historic Market Size Review by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global EV Lithium Battery Management System Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
- 5.3.1 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.2 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.4 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 FinDreams Battery
- 6.1.1 FinDreams Battery Company Information
- 6.1.2 FinDreams Battery Business Overview
- 6.1.3 FinDreams Battery EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 FinDreams Battery EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 FinDreams Battery Recent Developments
- 6.2 Tesla
- 6.2.1 Tesla Company Information
- 6.2.2 Tesla Business Overview
- 6.2.3 Tesla EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 Tesla EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 Tesla Recent Developments
- 6.3 CATL
- 6.3.1 CATL Company Information
- 6.3.2 CATL Business Overview
- 6.3.3 CATL EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 CATL EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 CATL Recent Developments
- 6.4 LG Innotek
- 6.4.1 LG Innotek Company Information
- 6.4.2 LG Innotek Business Overview
- 6.4.3 LG Innotek EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 LG Innotek EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 LG Innotek Recent Developments
- 6.5 LIGOO New Energy Technology
- 6.5.1 LIGOO New Energy Technology Company Information
- 6.5.2 LIGOO New Energy Technology Business Overview
- 6.5.3 LIGOO New Energy Technology EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 LIGOO New Energy Technology EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 LIGOO New Energy Technology Recent Developments
- 6.6 Sinoev
- 6.6.1 Sinoev Company Information
- 6.6.2 Sinoev Business Overview
- 6.6.3 Sinoev EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 Sinoev EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 Sinoev Recent Developments
- 6.7 UAES
- 6.7.1 UAES Company Information
- 6.7.2 UAES Business Overview
- 6.7.3 UAES EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 UAES EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 UAES Recent Developments
- 6.8 Hyundai Mobis
- 6.8.1 Hyundai Mobis Company Information
- 6.8.2 Hyundai Mobis Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Hyundai Mobis EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Hyundai Mobis EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Hyundai Mobis Recent Developments
- 6.9 Preh
- 6.9.1 Preh Company Information
- 6.9.2 Preh Business Overview
- 6.9.3 Preh EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 Preh EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 Preh Recent Developments
- 6.10 SAIC Motor
- 6.10.1 SAIC Motor Company Information
- 6.10.2 SAIC Motor Business Overview
- 6.10.3 SAIC Motor EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 SAIC Motor EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 SAIC Motor Recent Developments
- 6.11 SVOLT Energy
- 6.11.1 SVOLT Energy Company Information
- 6.11.2 SVOLT Energy Business Overview
- 6.11.3 SVOLT Energy EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 SVOLT Energy EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 SVOLT Energy Recent Developments
- 6.12 VREMT
- 6.12.1 VREMT Company Information
- 6.12.2 VREMT Business Overview
- 6.12.3 VREMT EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 VREMT EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 VREMT Recent Developments
- 6.13 Ficosa
- 6.13.1 Ficosa Company Information
- 6.13.2 Ficosa Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Ficosa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Ficosa EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Ficosa Recent Developments
- 6.14 Denso Corporation
- 6.14.1 Denso Corporation Company Information
- 6.14.2 Denso Corporation Business Overview
- 6.14.3 Denso Corporation EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 Denso Corporation EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 Denso Corporation Recent Developments
- 6.15 G-Pulse Electronics
- 6.15.1 G-Pulse Electronics Company Information
- 6.15.2 G-Pulse Electronics Business Overview
- 6.15.3 G-Pulse Electronics EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.15.4 G-Pulse Electronics EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.15.5 G-Pulse Electronics Recent Developments
- 6.16 Neusoft Reach
- 6.16.1 Neusoft Reach Company Information
- 6.16.2 Neusoft Reach Business Overview
- 6.16.3 Neusoft Reach EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.16.4 Neusoft Reach EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.16.5 Neusoft Reach Recent Developments
- 6.17 Hyundai Kefico
- 6.17.1 Hyundai Kefico Company Information
- 6.17.2 Hyundai Kefico Business Overview
- 6.17.3 Hyundai Kefico EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.17.4 Hyundai Kefico EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.17.5 Hyundai Kefico Recent Developments
- 6.18 Gotion High-Tech
- 6.18.1 Gotion High-Tech Company Information
- 6.18.2 Gotion High-Tech Business Overview
- 6.18.3 Gotion High-Tech EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.18.4 Gotion High-Tech EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.18.5 Gotion High-Tech Recent Developments
- 6.19 GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology
- 6.19.1 GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology Company Information
- 6.19.2 GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology Business Overview
- 6.19.3 GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.19.4 GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.19.5 GuoChuang Renewable Energy Technology Recent Developments
- 6.20 KLClear Technology
- 6.20.1 KLClear Technology Company Information
- 6.20.2 KLClear Technology Business Overview
- 6.20.3 KLClear Technology EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.20.4 KLClear Technology EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.20.5 KLClear Technology Recent Developments
- 6.21 E-POWER Electronics
- 6.21.1 E-POWER Electronics Company Information
- 6.21.2 E-POWER Electronics Business Overview
- 6.21.3 E-POWER Electronics EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.21.4 E-POWER Electronics EV Lithium Battery Management System Product Portfolio
- 6.21.5 E-POWER Electronics Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
- 7.1 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country
- 7.1.1 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.1.2 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.1.3 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 7.2 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country
- 7.2.1 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2.2 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.2.3 North America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
8 Europe by Country
- 8.1 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country
- 8.1.1 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.1.2 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.1.3 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 8.2 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country
- 8.2.1 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2.2 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.2.3 Europe EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country
- 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country
- 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
10 South America by Country
- 10.1 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country
- 10.1.1 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.1.2 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.1.3 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 10.2 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country
- 10.2.1 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.2.2 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.2.3 South America EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
- 11.1 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country
- 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country
- 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa EV Lithium Battery Management System Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.1 EV Lithium Battery Management System Value Chain Analysis
- 12.1.1 EV Lithium Battery Management System Key Raw Materials
- 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
- 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 12.1.5 EV Lithium Battery Management System Production Mode & Process
- 12.2 EV Lithium Battery Management System Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 12.2.2 EV Lithium Battery Management System Distributors
- 12.2.3 EV Lithium Battery Management System Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
- 14.6 Disclaimer
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