APO Research

APO RESEARCH · REPORT

Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors)

Commercial washers generally fall into one of two categories – tunnel washers and washer-extractors. They are both able to process high volumes of laundry loads.

Product & engineering

Understand the product.

Commercial washers generally fall into one of two categories – tunnel washers and washer-extractors. They are both able to process high volumes of laundry loads.

Selected research

Market Structure

Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2021-2032

Market perspective

Commercial washers generally fall into one of two categories – tunnel washers and washer-extractors. They are both able to process high volumes of laundry loads.

The demand for laundry facilities in the Healthcare industry in North America has increased sharply. In 2020, the sales growth rate in this field will exceed 8%.

The market share of the top five companies in the market is close to 80%.

Read the full market overview

Washer Extractors is the main type, with a market share of over 97% in 2019.

Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) are mainly used in hospitality, accounting for more than 30% in 2019.

The report provides an overview of the global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) market in terms of capacity, output, revenue, and price, analyzing global market trends using historical revenue and sales data for 2021-2025, estimates for 2026, and projected CAGRs through 2032.

The study covers key producers of Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) and consumption patterns in major regions and countries, assesses future market potential, and highlights priority regions and countries for segmenting the market into sub-sectors, with country-specific market value data for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, the Middle East, Africa, and other countries.

The report also presents Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) sales, revenue, market share, and industry ranking for the main manufacturers for 2021-2026, identifies the major stakeholders in the global market, and analyzes their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues.

In addition, the report analyzes segment data by type and application—covering sales, revenue, and price—for 2021-2032, and evaluates and forecasts the Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) market size, projected growth trends, production technologies, key applications, and end-use industries.

Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Segment by Company

Alliance Laundry Systems

Whirlpool

Miele

Electrolux

Fagor

Jensen-group

Pellerin Milnor

Dexter

Kannegiesser

GA Braun Inc.

Ellis Corporation

Girbau

Lavatec

EDRO

Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Segment by Type

Tunnel Washers

Washer Extractors

Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Segment by Application

Hospitality

Laundry Home

Healthcare

School

Other

Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Segment by Region

North America

United States

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

U.K.

Italy

Russia

Spain

Netherlands

Switzerland

Sweden

Poland

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

South Korea

India

Australia

Taiwan

Southeast Asia

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

Middle East & Africa

Egypt

South Africa

Israel

Türkiye

GCC Countries

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.

3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.

4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.

5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.

6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors).

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, production value, capacity, and average price forecasts (2021-2032).

Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) market competition landscape. Including Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) manufacturers' output value, output and average price from 2021 to 2026, as well as competition analysis indicators such as origin, product type, application, merger and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 7: Production/Production Value of Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) by region. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.

Chapter 8: Consumption of Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.

Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 10: Concluding Insights of the report.

More report detail

Tables and figures
List of Tables Table 1. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Trends Table 2. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Drivers Table 3. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Opportunities and Challenges Table 4. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Restraints Table 5. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Manufacturers (US$ Million) & (2021-2026) Table 6. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026) Table 7. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Manufacturers (Units) & (2021-2026) Table 8. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Manufacturers Table 9. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Average Price (K USD/Unit) of Manufacturers (2021-2026) Table 10. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026 Table 11. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters Table 12. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Manufacturers, Product Type & Application Table 13. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Manufacturers Established Date Table 14. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table 15. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) by Manufacturers Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value of 2025) Table 16. Major Manufacturers of Tunnel Washers Table 17. Major Manufacturers of Washer Extractors Table 18. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 19. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 20. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 21. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Type (2021-2026) Table 22. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Type (2027-2032) Table 23. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 24. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 25. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 26. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2026) Table 27. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Market Share by Type (2027-2032) Table 28. Major Manufacturers of Hospitality Table 29. Major Manufacturers of Laundry Home Table 30. Major Manufacturers of Healthcare Table 31. Major Manufacturers of School Table 32. Major Manufacturers of Other Table 33. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 34. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 35. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 36. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Application (2021-2026) Table 37. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Application (2027-2032) Table 38. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 39. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 40. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 41. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2026) Table 42. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Market Share by Application (2027-2032) Table 43. Alliance Laundry Systems Company Information Table 44. Alliance Laundry Systems Business Overview Table 45. Alliance Laundry Systems Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 46. Alliance Laundry Systems Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 47. Alliance Laundry Systems Recent Development Table 48. Whirlpool Company Information Table 49. Whirlpool Business Overview Table 50. Whirlpool Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 51. Whirlpool Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 52. Whirlpool Recent Development Table 53. Miele Company Information Table 54. Miele Business Overview Table 55. Miele Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 56. Miele Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 57. Miele Recent Development Table 58. Electrolux Company Information Table 59. Electrolux Business Overview Table 60. Electrolux Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 61. Electrolux Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 62. Electrolux Recent Development Table 63. Fagor Company Information Table 64. Fagor Business Overview Table 65. Fagor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 66. Fagor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 67. Fagor Recent Development Table 68. Jensen-group Company Information Table 69. Jensen-group Business Overview Table 70. Jensen-group Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 71. Jensen-group Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 72. Jensen-group Recent Development Table 73. Pellerin Milnor Company Information Table 74. Pellerin Milnor Business Overview Table 75. Pellerin Milnor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 76. Pellerin Milnor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 77. Pellerin Milnor Recent Development Table 78. Dexter Company Information Table 79. Dexter Business Overview Table 80. Dexter Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 81. Dexter Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 82. Dexter Recent Development Table 83. Kannegiesser Company Information Table 84. Kannegiesser Business Overview Table 85. Kannegiesser Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 86. Kannegiesser Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 87. Kannegiesser Recent Development Table 88. GA Braun Inc. Company Information Table 89. GA Braun Inc. Business Overview Table 90. GA Braun Inc. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 91. GA Braun Inc. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 92. GA Braun Inc. Recent Development Table 93. Ellis Corporation Company Information Table 94. Ellis Corporation Business Overview Table 95. Ellis Corporation Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 96. Ellis Corporation Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 97. Ellis Corporation Recent Development Table 98. Girbau Company Information Table 99. Girbau Business Overview Table 100. Girbau Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 101. Girbau Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 102. Girbau Recent Development Table 103. Lavatec Company Information Table 104. Lavatec Business Overview Table 105. Lavatec Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 106. Lavatec Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 107. Lavatec Recent Development Table 108. EDRO Company Information Table 109. EDRO Business Overview Table 110. EDRO Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2021-2026) Table 111. EDRO Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio Table 112. EDRO Recent Development Table 113. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 114. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 115. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 116. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 117. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2027-2032) Table 118. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Comparison by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Table 119. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Region (2021-2026) & (US$ Million) Table 120. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 121. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Region (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 122. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share by Region: (2027-2032) & (US$ Million) Table 123. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market Average Price (K USD/Unit) by Region (2021-2026) Table 124. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market Average Price (K USD/Unit) by Region (2027-2032) Table 125. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 126. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 127. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Market Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 128. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Forecasted by Region (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 129. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Forecasted Market Share by Region (2027-2032) Table 130. North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 131. North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 132. North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 133. Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 134. Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 135. Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 136. Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 137. Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 138. Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 139. South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 140. South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 141. South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 142. Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Table 143. Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2026) & (Units) Table 144. Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2027-2032) & (Units) Table 145. Key Raw Materials Table 146. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Table 147. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Distributors List Table 148. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Customers List Table 149. Research Programs/Design for This Report Table 150. Authors List of This Report Table 151. Secondary Sources Table 152. Primary Sources List of Figures Figure 1. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Image Figure 2. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 3. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 4. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Capacity (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 5. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 6. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Average Price (K USD/Unit) & (2021-2032) Figure 7. Global Top 5 and 10 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Players Market Share by Production Value in 2025 Figure 8. Manufacturers Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2021 VS 2025 Figure 9. Tunnel Washers Image Figure 10. Washer Extractors Image Figure 11. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Units) Figure 12. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 13. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032) Figure 14. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Units) Figure 15. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 16. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share by Type (2021-2032) Figure 17. Hospitality Image Figure 18. Laundry Home Image Figure 19. Healthcare Image Figure 20. School Image Figure 21. Other Image Figure 22. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Units) Figure 23. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 24. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032) Figure 25. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (Units) Figure 26. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 27. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share by Application (2021-2032) Figure 28. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (Units) Figure 29. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 30. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Comparison by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 (US$ Million) Figure 31. Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Share by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032 Figure 32. North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 33. Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 35. South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 36. Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032) & (US$ Million) Figure 37. North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 38. North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Market Share by Country (2021-2032) Figure 39. U.S. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 40. Canada Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 41. Mexico Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 42. Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 43. Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Market Share by Country (2021-2032) Figure 44. Germany Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 45. France Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 46. U.K. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 47. Italy Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 48. Netherlands Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 49. Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 50. Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Market Share by Country (2021-2032) Figure 51. China Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 52. Japan Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 53. South Korea Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 54. Southeast Asia Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 55. India Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 56. Australia Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 57. South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 58. South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Market Share by Country (2021-2032) Figure 59. Brazil Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 60. Argentina Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 61. Chile Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 62. Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 63. Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Market Share by Country (2021-2032) Figure 64. Egypt Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 65. South Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 66. Israel Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 67. Türkiye Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 68. GCC Countries Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption and Growth Rate (2021-2032) & (Units) Figure 69. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Value Chain Figure 70. Manufacturing Cost Structure Figure 71. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Mode & Process Figure 72. Direct Comparison with Distribution Share Figure 73. Distributors Profiles Figure 74. Years Considered Figure 75. Research Process Figure 76. Key Executives Interviewed

Scope & coverage.

Types
  • Tunnel Washers
  • Washer Extractors
Applications
  • Hospitality
  • Laundry Home
  • Healthcare
  • School
  • Other
Companies covered
  • Alliance Laundry Systems
  • Whirlpool
  • Miele
  • Electrolux
  • Fagor
  • Jensen-group
  • Pellerin Milnor
  • Dexter
  • Kannegiesser
  • GA Braun Inc.
  • Ellis Corporation
  • Girbau
  • Lavatec
  • EDRO

Inside the report.

1 Market Overview
  1. 1.1 Product Definition
  2. 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
  3. 1.2.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
  4. 1.2.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
  5. 1.2.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
  6. 1.2.4 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market Average Price (2021-2032)
  7. 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
  8. 1.4 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market Dynamics
  1. 2.1 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Trends
  2. 2.2 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Drivers
  3. 2.3 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
  4. 2.4 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Restraints
3 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market by Manufacturers
  1. 3.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
  2. 3.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
  3. 3.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
  4. 3.4 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
  5. 3.5 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
  6. 3.6 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
  7. 3.7 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Manufacturers Established Date
  8. 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
  9. 3.8.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market CR5 and HHI
  10. 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Players Market Share by Production Value in 2025
  11. 3.8.3 2025 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market by Type
  1. 4.1 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Type Introduction
  2. 4.1.1 Tunnel Washers
  3. 4.1.2 Washer Extractors
  4. 4.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type
  5. 4.2.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  6. 4.2.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Type (2021-2032)
  7. 4.2.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
  8. 4.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type
  9. 4.3.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  10. 4.3.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
  11. 4.3.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
5 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market by Application
  1. 5.1 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Application Introduction
  2. 5.1.1 Hospitality
  3. 5.1.2 Laundry Home
  4. 5.1.3 Healthcare
  5. 5.1.4 School
  6. 5.1.5 Other
  7. 5.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application
  8. 5.2.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  9. 5.2.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Application (2021-2032)
  10. 5.2.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
  11. 5.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application
  12. 5.3.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  13. 5.3.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
  14. 5.3.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
6 Company Profiles
  1. 6.1 Alliance Laundry Systems
  2. 6.1.1 Alliance Laundry Systems Company Information
  3. 6.1.2 Alliance Laundry Systems Business Overview
  4. 6.1.3 Alliance Laundry Systems Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  5. 6.1.4 Alliance Laundry Systems Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  6. 6.1.5 Alliance Laundry Systems Recent Developments
  7. 6.2 Whirlpool
  8. 6.2.1 Whirlpool Company Information
  9. 6.2.2 Whirlpool Business Overview
  10. 6.2.3 Whirlpool Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  11. 6.2.4 Whirlpool Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  12. 6.2.5 Whirlpool Recent Developments
  13. 6.3 Miele
  14. 6.3.1 Miele Company Information
  15. 6.3.2 Miele Business Overview
  16. 6.3.3 Miele Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  17. 6.3.4 Miele Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  18. 6.3.5 Miele Recent Developments
  19. 6.4 Electrolux
  20. 6.4.1 Electrolux Company Information
  21. 6.4.2 Electrolux Business Overview
  22. 6.4.3 Electrolux Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  23. 6.4.4 Electrolux Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  24. 6.4.5 Electrolux Recent Developments
  25. 6.5 Fagor
  26. 6.5.1 Fagor Company Information
  27. 6.5.2 Fagor Business Overview
  28. 6.5.3 Fagor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  29. 6.5.4 Fagor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  30. 6.5.5 Fagor Recent Developments
  31. 6.6 Jensen-group
  32. 6.6.1 Jensen-group Company Information
  33. 6.6.2 Jensen-group Business Overview
  34. 6.6.3 Jensen-group Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  35. 6.6.4 Jensen-group Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  36. 6.6.5 Jensen-group Recent Developments
  37. 6.7 Pellerin Milnor
  38. 6.7.1 Pellerin Milnor Company Information
  39. 6.7.2 Pellerin Milnor Business Overview
  40. 6.7.3 Pellerin Milnor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  41. 6.7.4 Pellerin Milnor Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  42. 6.7.5 Pellerin Milnor Recent Developments
  43. 6.8 Dexter
  44. 6.8.1 Dexter Company Information
  45. 6.8.2 Dexter Business Overview
  46. 6.8.3 Dexter Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  47. 6.8.4 Dexter Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  48. 6.8.5 Dexter Recent Developments
  49. 6.9 Kannegiesser
  50. 6.9.1 Kannegiesser Company Information
  51. 6.9.2 Kannegiesser Business Overview
  52. 6.9.3 Kannegiesser Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  53. 6.9.4 Kannegiesser Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  54. 6.9.5 Kannegiesser Recent Developments
  55. 6.10 GA Braun Inc.
  56. 6.10.1 GA Braun Inc. Company Information
  57. 6.10.2 GA Braun Inc. Business Overview
  58. 6.10.3 GA Braun Inc. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  59. 6.10.4 GA Braun Inc. Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  60. 6.10.5 GA Braun Inc. Recent Developments
  61. 6.11 Ellis Corporation
  62. 6.11.1 Ellis Corporation Company Information
  63. 6.11.2 Ellis Corporation Business Overview
  64. 6.11.3 Ellis Corporation Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  65. 6.11.4 Ellis Corporation Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  66. 6.11.5 Ellis Corporation Recent Developments
  67. 6.12 Girbau
  68. 6.12.1 Girbau Company Information
  69. 6.12.2 Girbau Business Overview
  70. 6.12.3 Girbau Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  71. 6.12.4 Girbau Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  72. 6.12.5 Girbau Recent Developments
  73. 6.13 Lavatec
  74. 6.13.1 Lavatec Company Information
  75. 6.13.2 Lavatec Business Overview
  76. 6.13.3 Lavatec Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  77. 6.13.4 Lavatec Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  78. 6.13.5 Lavatec Recent Developments
  79. 6.14 EDRO
  80. 6.14.1 EDRO Company Information
  81. 6.14.2 EDRO Business Overview
  82. 6.14.3 EDRO Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
  83. 6.14.4 EDRO Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Product Portfolio
  84. 6.14.5 EDRO Recent Developments
7 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region
  1. 7.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 7.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region (2021-2032)
  3. 7.2.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region (2021-2026)
  4. 7.2.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  5. 7.3 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  6. 7.4 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Region (2021-2032)
  7. 7.4.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Region (2021-2026)
  8. 7.4.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value by Region (2027-2032)
  9. 7.5 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2032)
  10. 7.6 Regional Production Value Trends (2021-2032)
  11. 7.6.1 North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032)
  12. 7.6.2 Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032)
  13. 7.6.3 Asia-Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032)
  14. 7.6.4 South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032)
  15. 7.6.5 Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Value (2021-2032)
8 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region
  1. 8.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  2. 8.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
  3. 8.2.1 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region (2021-2026)
  4. 8.2.2 Global Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
  5. 8.3 North America
  6. 8.3.1 North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  7. 8.3.2 North America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
  8. 8.3.3 U.S.
  9. 8.3.4 Canada
  10. 8.3.5 Mexico
  11. 8.4 Europe
  12. 8.4.1 Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  13. 8.4.2 Europe Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
  14. 8.4.3 Germany
  15. 8.4.4 France
  16. 8.4.5 U.K.
  17. 8.4.6 Italy
  18. 8.4.7 Netherlands
  19. 8.5 Asia Pacific
  20. 8.5.1 Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  21. 8.5.2 Asia Pacific Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
  22. 8.5.3 China
  23. 8.5.4 Japan
  24. 8.5.5 South Korea
  25. 8.5.6 Southeast Asia
  26. 8.5.7 India
  27. 8.5.8 Australia
  28. 8.6 South America
  29. 8.6.1 South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  30. 8.6.2 South America Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
  31. 8.6.3 Brazil
  32. 8.6.4 Argentina
  33. 8.6.5 Chile
  34. 8.6.6 Colombia
  35. 8.7 Middle East & Africa
  36. 8.7.1 Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
  37. 8.7.2 Middle East & Africa Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
  38. 8.7.3 Egypt
  39. 8.7.4 South Africa
  40. 8.7.5 Israel
  41. 8.7.6 Türkiye
  42. 8.7.7 GCC Countries
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
  1. 9.1 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Value Chain Analysis
  2. 9.1.1 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Key Raw Materials
  3. 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  4. 9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  5. 9.1.4 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Production Mode & Process
  6. 9.2 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Sales Channels Analysis
  7. 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  8. 9.2.2 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Distributors
  9. 9.2.3 Commercial Laundry (Tunnel Washers and Washer Extractors) Customers
10 Concluding Insights
    11 Appendix
    1. 11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
    2. 11.2 Research Methodology
    3. 11.3 Research Process
    4. 11.4 Authors List of This Report
    5. 11.5 Data Source
    6. 11.5.1 Secondary Sources
    7. 11.5.2 Primary Sources
    8. 11.6 Disclaimer

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