APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Synthetic Butadiene
Butadiene, also known as 1, 3-butadiene, is a colorless, non-corrosive gas that condenses to a liquid at minus 4.5 degrees centigrade and has a mild aromatic odor. It readily polymerizes with oxygen. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, however it is insoluble in water. It is an industrial chemical used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. It is produced as a byproduct in the steam cracking process of ethylene and olefin production and acts as a predecessor to many processing materials and chemicals. Butadiene is used to make plastics including acrylics. Small amounts are found in gasoline.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
Butadiene, also known as 1, 3-butadiene, is a colorless, non-corrosive gas that condenses to a liquid at minus 4.5 degrees centigrade and has a mild aromatic odor. It readily polymerizes with oxygen. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, however it is insoluble in water. It is an industrial chemical used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. It is produced as a byproduct in the steam cracking process of ethylene and olefin production and acts as a predecessor to many processing materials and chemicals. Butadiene is used to make plastics including acrylics. Small amounts are found in gasoline.
Selected research
Industry Research
Synthetic Butadiene Industry Research Report 2026
Market perspective
Butadiene, also known as 1, 3-butadiene, is a colorless, non-corrosive gas that condenses to a liquid at minus 4.5 degrees centigrade and has a mild aromatic odor. It readily polymerizes with oxygen. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, however it is insoluble in water. It is an industrial chemical used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. It is produced as a byproduct in the steam cracking process of ethylene and olefin production and acts as a predecessor to many processing materials and chemicals. Butadiene is used to make plastics including acrylics. Small amounts are found in gasoline.
Global Synthetic Butadiene key players include Sinopec(CN), CNPC(CN), Texas Petrochemicals(US), BASF(DE), LyondellBasell(US), etc. Global top five manufacturers hold a share over 30%.
Europe is the largest market, with a share over 25%, followed by China, and USA, both have a share about 45 percent.
Read the full market overview
In terms of product, Extractive Distillation is the largest segment, with a share over 95%. And in terms of application, the largest application is SBR, followed by PBR, SBS, ABS, etc.
Report Scope
This report quantifies the global Synthetic Butadiene market in revenue (US$ million) and, where applicable, sales volume (K MT), using 2025 as the base year and providing annual historical and forecast data for 2021–2032.
It standardizes definitions of types and applications, harmonizes vendor attribution, and presents comparable time series by company, type, application, and region/country, including indicative price bands (US$/K MT) and concentration ratios (CR5/CR10).
The outputs are intended to support strategy development, budgeting, and performance benchmarking for manufacturers, new entrants, channel partners, and investors; the report also reviews technology shifts and notable product introductions relevant to Synthetic Butadiene.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section profiles leading manufacturers, combining 2021–2025 results with a 2026–2032 outlook. It reports revenue, market share, price bands, product and application mix, regional and channel mix, and key developments (M&A, capacity additions, certifications). It also provides global revenue, average price, and—where applicable—sales volume by manufacturer, and calculates CR5/CR10 and rank changes to support comparative benchmarking.
Synthetic Butadiene Market by Company
Texas Petrochemicals(US)
BASF(DE)
LyondellBasell(US)
Shell Chemical(NL)
Ineos O&P(DE)
FPCC(TW)
ExxonMobil(US)
Sabic(SA)
Zeon(JP)
Dow(US)
LG Chem(KR)
JSR Corp(JP)
Evonik(DE)
Reliance Industries(IN)
Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU)
Sinopec(CN)
CNPC(CN)
CNOOC(CN)
FREP(CN)
North Huajin(CN)
Synthetic Butadiene Segment by Type
Oxidative Dehydrogenation
Extractive Distillation
Synthetic Butadiene Segment by Application
SBR
PBR
SBS
ABS
Others
Synthetic Butadiene Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Synthetic Butadiene market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Synthetic Butadiene and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Synthetic Butadiene.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Research objectives, research methods, data sources, data cross-validation;
Chapter 2: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Synthetic Butadiene manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 5: Production/output, value of Synthetic Butadiene by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 6: Consumption of Synthetic Butadiene in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 8: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Oxidative Dehydrogenation
- Extractive Distillation
Applications
- SBR
- PBR
- SBS
- ABS
- Others
Companies covered
- Texas Petrochemicals(US)
- BASF(DE)
- LyondellBasell(US)
- Shell Chemical(NL)
- Ineos O&P(DE)
- FPCC(TW)
- ExxonMobil(US)
- Sabic(SA)
- Zeon(JP)
- Dow(US)
- LG Chem(KR)
- JSR Corp(JP)
- Evonik(DE)
- Reliance Industries(IN)
- Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU)
- Sinopec(CN)
- CNPC(CN)
- CNOOC(CN)
- FREP(CN)
- North Huajin(CN)
Inside the report.
1 Preface
- 1.1 Scope of Report
- 1.2 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 1.3 Research Methodology
- 1.4 Research Process
- 1.5 Data Source
- 1.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 1.5.2 Primary Sources
2 Market Overview
- 2.1 Product Definition
- 2.2 Synthetic Butadiene by Type
- 2.2.1 Market Value Comparison by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.2.2 Oxidative Dehydrogenation
- 2.2.3 Extractive Distillation
- 2.3 Synthetic Butadiene by Application
- 2.3.1 Market Value Comparison by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & (US$ Million)
- 2.3.2 SBR
- 2.3.3 PBR
- 2.3.4 SBS
- 2.3.5 ABS
- 2.3.6 Others
- 2.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 2.4.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.3 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 2.4.4 Global Synthetic Butadiene Market Average Price (2021-2032)
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
- 3.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Synthetic Butadiene Average Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Synthetic Butadiene Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Synthetic Butadiene Key Manufacturers, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Synthetic Butadiene Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Synthetic Butadiene Manufacturers Established Date
- 3.8 Global Synthetic Butadiene Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.9 Global Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisition
4 Manufacturers Profiled
- 4.1 Texas Petrochemicals(US)
- 4.1.1 Texas Petrochemicals(US) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.1.2 Texas Petrochemicals(US) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.1.3 Texas Petrochemicals(US) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.1.4 Texas Petrochemicals(US) Product Portfolio
- 4.1.5 Texas Petrochemicals(US) Recent Developments
- 4.2 BASF(DE)
- 4.2.1 BASF(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.2.2 BASF(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.2.3 BASF(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.2.4 BASF(DE) Product Portfolio
- 4.2.5 BASF(DE) Recent Developments
- 4.3 LyondellBasell(US)
- 4.3.1 LyondellBasell(US) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.3.2 LyondellBasell(US) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.3.3 LyondellBasell(US) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3.4 LyondellBasell(US) Product Portfolio
- 4.3.5 LyondellBasell(US) Recent Developments
- 4.4 Shell Chemical(NL)
- 4.4.1 Shell Chemical(NL) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.4.2 Shell Chemical(NL) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.4.3 Shell Chemical(NL) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.4.4 Shell Chemical(NL) Product Portfolio
- 4.4.5 Shell Chemical(NL) Recent Developments
- 4.5 Ineos O&P(DE)
- 4.5.1 Ineos O&P(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.5.2 Ineos O&P(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.5.3 Ineos O&P(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.5.4 Ineos O&P(DE) Product Portfolio
- 4.5.5 Ineos O&P(DE) Recent Developments
- 4.6 FPCC(TW)
- 4.6.1 FPCC(TW) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.6.2 FPCC(TW) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.6.3 FPCC(TW) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.6.4 FPCC(TW) Product Portfolio
- 4.6.5 FPCC(TW) Recent Developments
- 4.7 ExxonMobil(US)
- 4.7.1 ExxonMobil(US) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.7.2 ExxonMobil(US) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.7.3 ExxonMobil(US) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.7.4 ExxonMobil(US) Product Portfolio
- 4.7.5 ExxonMobil(US) Recent Developments
- 4.8 Sabic(SA)
- 4.8.1 Sabic(SA) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.8.2 Sabic(SA) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.8.3 Sabic(SA) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.8.4 Sabic(SA) Product Portfolio
- 4.8.5 Sabic(SA) Recent Developments
- 4.9 Zeon(JP)
- 4.9.1 Zeon(JP) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.9.2 Zeon(JP) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.9.3 Zeon(JP) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.9.4 Zeon(JP) Product Portfolio
- 4.9.5 Zeon(JP) Recent Developments
- 4.10 Dow(US)
- 4.10.1 Dow(US) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.10.2 Dow(US) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.10.3 Dow(US) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.10.4 Dow(US) Product Portfolio
- 4.10.5 Dow(US) Recent Developments
- 4.11 LG Chem(KR)
- 4.11.1 LG Chem(KR) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.11.2 LG Chem(KR) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.11.3 LG Chem(KR) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.11.4 LG Chem(KR) Product Portfolio
- 4.11.5 LG Chem(KR) Recent Developments
- 4.12 JSR Corp(JP)
- 4.12.1 JSR Corp(JP) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.12.2 JSR Corp(JP) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.12.3 JSR Corp(JP) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.12.4 JSR Corp(JP) Product Portfolio
- 4.12.5 JSR Corp(JP) Recent Developments
- 4.13 Evonik(DE)
- 4.13.1 Evonik(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.13.2 Evonik(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.13.3 Evonik(DE) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.13.4 Evonik(DE) Product Portfolio
- 4.13.5 Evonik(DE) Recent Developments
- 4.14 Reliance Industries(IN)
- 4.14.1 Reliance Industries(IN) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.14.2 Reliance Industries(IN) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.14.3 Reliance Industries(IN) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.14.4 Reliance Industries(IN) Product Portfolio
- 4.14.5 Reliance Industries(IN) Recent Developments
- 4.15 Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU)
- 4.15.1 Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.15.2 Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.15.3 Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.15.4 Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU) Product Portfolio
- 4.15.5 Nizhnekamskneftekhim(RU) Recent Developments
- 4.16 Sinopec(CN)
- 4.16.1 Sinopec(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.16.2 Sinopec(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.16.3 Sinopec(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.16.4 Sinopec(CN) Product Portfolio
- 4.16.5 Sinopec(CN) Recent Developments
- 4.17 CNPC(CN)
- 4.17.1 CNPC(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.17.2 CNPC(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.17.3 CNPC(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.17.4 CNPC(CN) Product Portfolio
- 4.17.5 CNPC(CN) Recent Developments
- 4.18 CNOOC(CN)
- 4.18.1 CNOOC(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.18.2 CNOOC(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.18.3 CNOOC(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.18.4 CNOOC(CN) Product Portfolio
- 4.18.5 CNOOC(CN) Recent Developments
- 4.19 FREP(CN)
- 4.19.1 FREP(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.19.2 FREP(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.19.3 FREP(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.19.4 FREP(CN) Product Portfolio
- 4.19.5 FREP(CN) Recent Developments
- 4.20 North Huajin(CN)
- 4.20.1 North Huajin(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Company Information
- 4.20.2 North Huajin(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Business Overview
- 4.20.3 North Huajin(CN) Synthetic Butadiene Production Capacity, Value and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.20.4 North Huajin(CN) Product Portfolio
- 4.20.5 North Huajin(CN) Recent Developments
5 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Region
- 5.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.2.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.2.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.4 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Region: 2021-2032
- 5.4.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Region: 2021-2026
- 5.4.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
- 5.5 Global Synthetic Butadiene Market Price Analysis by Region (2021-2026)
- 5.6 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production and Value, YOY Growth
- 5.6.1 North America Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.2 Europe Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.3 China Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 5.6.4 Japan Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
6 Global Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Region
- 6.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Region (2021-2032)
- 6.2.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Region: 2021-2026
- 6.2.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Forecasted Consumption by Region (2027-2032)
- 6.3 North America
- 6.3.1 North America Synthetic Butadiene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.3.2 North America Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.3.3 United States
- 6.3.4 Canada
- 6.3.5 Mexico
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe Synthetic Butadiene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.4.2 Europe Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.4.3 Germany
- 6.4.4 France
- 6.4.5 U.K.
- 6.4.6 Italy
- 6.4.7 Russia
- 6.4.8 Spain
- 6.4.9 Netherlands
- 6.4.10 Switzerland
- 6.4.11 Sweden
- 6.4.12 Poland
- 6.5 Asia Pacific
- 6.5.1 Asia Pacific Synthetic Butadiene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.5.2 Asia Pacific Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.5.3 China
- 6.5.4 Japan
- 6.5.5 South Korea
- 6.5.6 India
- 6.5.7 Australia
- 6.5.8 Taiwan
- 6.5.9 Southeast Asia
- 6.6 South America, Middle East & Africa
- 6.6.1 South America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Butadiene Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 6.6.2 South America, Middle East & Africa Synthetic Butadiene Consumption by Country (2021-2032)
- 6.6.3 Brazil
- 6.6.4 Argentina
- 6.6.5 Chile
- 6.6.6 Turkey
- 6.6.7 GCC Countries
7 Segment by Type
- 7.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.1.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Type (2021-2032) & (K MT)
- 7.1.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.2.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 7.2.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Global Synthetic Butadiene Price by Type (2021-2032)
8 Segment by Application
- 8.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.1.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production by Application (2021-2032) & (K MT)
- 8.1.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.2.1 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 8.2.2 Global Synthetic Butadiene Production Value Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 8.3 Global Synthetic Butadiene Price by Application (2021-2032)
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis of the Market
- 9.1 Synthetic Butadiene Value Chain Analysis
- 9.1.1 Synthetic Butadiene Key Raw Materials
- 9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.1.3 Synthetic Butadiene Production Mode & Process
- 9.2 Synthetic Butadiene Sales Channels Analysis
- 9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 9.2.2 Synthetic Butadiene Distributors
- 9.2.3 Synthetic Butadiene Customers
10 Global Synthetic Butadiene Analyzing Market Dynamics
- 10.1 Synthetic Butadiene Industry Trends
- 10.2 Synthetic Butadiene Industry Drivers
- 10.3 Synthetic Butadiene Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 10.4 Synthetic Butadiene Industry Restraints
11 Report Conclusion
12 Disclaimer
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