Selected research
Market Analysis & Forecast
Global Automotive Engine Pulley Market Analysis and Forecast 2026-2032
Market perspective
The global Automotive Engine Pulley market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2026 to US$ million by 2032, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.
Automotive Engine Pulley's global sales reached XX (k units) with a value of US$ XX Million, marking an change of XX% compared to the previous year. This performance has positioned Freudenberg (Germany) as the global sales leader, a title it has maintained for several consecutive years. Notably, Freudenberg (Germany)'s performance in primary markets is also remarkable. In the Chinese market, sales were XX (k units), a change of XX% from the previous year. In Europe, sales were XX (k units), showing a year-on-year of XX%. In the US, sales were XX (k units), a year-on-year change of XX%.
The major global manufacturers in the Automotive Engine Pulley market include Freudenberg (Germany), NTN (Japan), NOK (Japan), Hitachi Chemical (Japan), Martinrea International (Canada), Kojima Industries (Japan), Fuji Kiko (Japan), Aisin Shinwa (Japan) and Asama Giken (Japan), etc. In 2025, the top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
Read the full market overview
In terms of production side, this report researches the Automotive Engine Pulley production, growth rate, market share by manufacturers and by region (region level and country level), from 2021 to 2026, and forecast to 2032.
In terms of consumption side, this report focuses on the sales of Automotive Engine Pulley by region (region level and country level), by Company, by Type and by Application. from 2021 to 2026 and forecast to 2032.
This report presents an overview of global market for Automotive Engine Pulley, capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2021 - 2025, estimates for 2026, and projections of CAGR through 2032.
This report researches the key producers of Automotive Engine Pulley, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Automotive Engine Pulley, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.
This report focuses on the Automotive Engine Pulley sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2021 to 2026. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Automotive Engine Pulley market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.
This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2021 to 2032. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Automotive Engine Pulley sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.
Automotive Engine Pulley Segment by Company
Freudenberg (Germany)
NTN (Japan)
NOK (Japan)
Hitachi Chemical (Japan)
Martinrea International (Canada)
Kojima Industries (Japan)
Fuji Kiko (Japan)
Aisin Shinwa (Japan)
Asama Giken (Japan)
Dayco Products (USA)
Automotive Engine Pulley Segment by Type
Crank Pulley
Accessory Pulley
Automotive Engine Pulley Segment by Application
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Automotive Engine Pulley Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Study Objectives
1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Automotive Engine Pulley market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Automotive Engine Pulley and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Automotive Engine Pulley.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by type and by application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Automotive Engine Pulley production/output of global and key producers (regions/countries). It provides a quantitative analysis of the production, and development potential of each producer in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Sales (consumption), revenue of Automotive Engine Pulley in global, regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Detailed analysis of Automotive Engine Pulley manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Automotive Engine Pulley sales, revenue, price, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 9: North America by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Europe by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: China by type, by application, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Asia (Excluding China) by type, by application and by region, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 13: South America, Middle East and Africa by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 14: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors and customers.
Chapter 15: The main concluding insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Crank Pulley
- Accessory Pulley
Applications
- Passenger Cars
- Commercial Vehicles
Companies covered
- Freudenberg (Germany)
- NTN (Japan)
- NOK (Japan)
- Hitachi Chemical (Japan)
- Martinrea International (Canada)
- Kojima Industries (Japan)
- Fuji Kiko (Japan)
- Aisin Shinwa (Japan)
- Asama Giken (Japan)
- Dayco Products (USA)
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Automotive Engine Pulley Market by Type
- 1.2.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Type, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.2.2 Crank Pulley
- 1.2.3 Accessory Pulley
- 1.3 Automotive Engine Pulley Market by Application
- 1.3.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Application, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 1.3.2 Passenger Cars
- 1.3.3 Commercial Vehicles
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Automotive Engine Pulley Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Automotive Engine Pulley Industry Trends
- 2.2 Automotive Engine Pulley Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Automotive Engine Pulley Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Automotive Engine Pulley Industry Restraints
3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production Overview
- 3.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production Capacity (2021-2032)
- 3.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 3.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production by Region
- 3.3.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production by Region (2021-2026)
- 3.3.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production by Region (2027-2032)
- 3.3.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Production Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
- 3.4 North America
- 3.5 Europe
- 3.6 China
- 3.7 Japan
- 3.8 South Korea
- 3.9 India
4 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 4.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 4.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.2.4 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2021-2032
- 4.4 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Region
- 4.4.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.4.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.4.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.4.4 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
- 4.5 North America
- 4.6 Europe
- 4.7 China
- 4.8 Asia (Excluding China)
- 4.9 South America, Middle East and Africa
5 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
- 5.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Manufacturers
- 5.1.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.1.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.1.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
- 5.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Manufacturers
- 5.2.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.2.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2025
- 5.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2026)
- 5.4 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 5.5 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
- 5.6 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
- 5.7 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Manufacturers Commercialization Time
- 5.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 5.8.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Market CR5 and HHI
- 5.8.2 2025 Automotive Engine Pulley Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
6 Automotive Engine Pulley Market by Type
- 6.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 6.1.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 6.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type
- 6.2.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type (2021-2032) & (k units)
- 6.2.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
- 6.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Type
7 Automotive Engine Pulley Market by Application
- 7.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application
- 7.1.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application (2021-2032) & (US$ Million)
- 7.1.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application
- 7.2.1 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application (2021-2032) & (k units)
- 7.2.2 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
- 7.3 Global Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Application
8 Company Profiles
- 8.1 Freudenberg (Germany)
- 8.1.1 Freudenberg (Germany) Company Information
- 8.1.2 Freudenberg (Germany) Business Overview
- 8.1.3 Freudenberg (Germany) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.1.4 Freudenberg (Germany) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.1.5 Freudenberg (Germany) Recent Developments
- 8.2 NTN (Japan)
- 8.2.1 NTN (Japan) Company Information
- 8.2.2 NTN (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.2.3 NTN (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.2.4 NTN (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.2.5 NTN (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.3 NOK (Japan)
- 8.3.1 NOK (Japan) Company Information
- 8.3.2 NOK (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.3.3 NOK (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.3.4 NOK (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.3.5 NOK (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.4 Hitachi Chemical (Japan)
- 8.4.1 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Company Information
- 8.4.2 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.4.3 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.4.4 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.4.5 Hitachi Chemical (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.5 Martinrea International (Canada)
- 8.5.1 Martinrea International (Canada) Company Information
- 8.5.2 Martinrea International (Canada) Business Overview
- 8.5.3 Martinrea International (Canada) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.5.4 Martinrea International (Canada) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.5.5 Martinrea International (Canada) Recent Developments
- 8.6 Kojima Industries (Japan)
- 8.6.1 Kojima Industries (Japan) Company Information
- 8.6.2 Kojima Industries (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.6.3 Kojima Industries (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.6.4 Kojima Industries (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.6.5 Kojima Industries (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.7 Fuji Kiko (Japan)
- 8.7.1 Fuji Kiko (Japan) Company Information
- 8.7.2 Fuji Kiko (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.7.3 Fuji Kiko (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.7.4 Fuji Kiko (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.7.5 Fuji Kiko (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.8 Aisin Shinwa (Japan)
- 8.8.1 Aisin Shinwa (Japan) Company Information
- 8.8.2 Aisin Shinwa (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.8.3 Aisin Shinwa (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.8.4 Aisin Shinwa (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.8.5 Aisin Shinwa (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.9 Asama Giken (Japan)
- 8.9.1 Asama Giken (Japan) Company Information
- 8.9.2 Asama Giken (Japan) Business Overview
- 8.9.3 Asama Giken (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.9.4 Asama Giken (Japan) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.9.5 Asama Giken (Japan) Recent Developments
- 8.10 Dayco Products (USA)
- 8.10.1 Dayco Products (USA) Company Information
- 8.10.2 Dayco Products (USA) Business Overview
- 8.10.3 Dayco Products (USA) Automotive Engine Pulley Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 8.10.4 Dayco Products (USA) Automotive Engine Pulley Product Portfolio
- 8.10.5 Dayco Products (USA) Recent Developments
9 North America
- 9.1 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Type
- 9.1.1 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.1.2 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.1.3 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 9.2 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Application
- 9.2.1 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.2.2 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.2.3 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 9.3 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Country
- 9.3.1 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 9.3.2 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 9.3.3 North America Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 9.3.4 United States
- 9.3.5 Canada
- 9.3.6 Mexico
10 Europe
- 10.1 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Type
- 10.1.1 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.1.2 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.1.3 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 10.2 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Application
- 10.2.1 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.2.2 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.2.3 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 10.3 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 10.3.2 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 10.3.3 Europe Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 10.3.4 Germany
- 10.3.5 France
- 10.3.6 U.K.
- 10.3.7 Italy
- 10.3.8 Russia
- 10.3.9 Spain
- 10.3.10 Netherlands
- 10.3.11 Switzerland
- 10.3.12 Sweden
11 China
- 11.1 China Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Type
- 11.1.1 China Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.1.2 China Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.1.3 China Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 11.2 China Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Application
- 11.2.1 China Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.2.2 China Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 11.2.3 China Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Application (2021-2032)
12 Asia (Excluding China)
- 12.1 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Type
- 12.1.1 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.1.2 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.1.3 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 12.2 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Application
- 12.2.1 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.2.2 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.2.3 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 12.3 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Country
- 12.3.1 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 12.3.2 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 12.3.3 Asia Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 12.3.4 Japan
- 12.3.5 South Korea
- 12.3.6 India
- 12.3.7 Australia
- 12.3.8 Taiwan
- 12.3.9 Southeast Asia
13 South America, Middle East and Africa
- 13.1 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Type
- 13.1.1 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
- 13.1.2 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Type (2021-2032)
- 13.1.3 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Type (2021-2032)
- 13.2 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Application
- 13.2.1 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
- 13.2.2 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Application (2021-2032)
- 13.2.3 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Application (2021-2032)
- 13.3 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Market Size by Country
- 13.3.1 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 13.3.2 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Sales by Country (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
- 13.3.3 SAMEA Automotive Engine Pulley Price by Country (2021-2032)
- 13.3.4 Brazil
- 13.3.5 Argentina
- 13.3.6 Chile
- 13.3.7 Colombia
- 13.3.8 Peru
- 13.3.9 Saudi Arabia
- 13.3.10 Israel
- 13.3.11 UAE
- 13.3.12 Turkey
- 13.3.13 Iran
- 13.3.14 Egypt
14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 14.1 Automotive Engine Pulley Value Chain Analysis
- 14.1.1 Automotive Engine Pulley Key Raw Materials
- 14.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 14.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 14.1.4 Automotive Engine Pulley Production Mode & Process
- 14.2 Automotive Engine Pulley Sales Channels Analysis
- 14.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 14.2.2 Automotive Engine Pulley Distributors
- 14.2.3 Automotive Engine Pulley Customers
15 Concluding Insights
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 16.2 Research Methodology
- 16.3 Research Process
- 16.4 Authors List of This Report
- 16.5 Data Source
- 16.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 16.5.2 Primary Sources
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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