APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Polyimide Film (PI Film)
Polyimide film is a monorphic polymer and an advanced polymer material.Because it has a very strong molecular structure, its performance is extremely high among many polymers.Very strong, excellent heat resistance, and excellent electrical insulation.In addition, as organic matter has a low rate of expansion relative to heat, even when used at high temperature, the dimension error caused by expansion can be prevented.It is a film that is often used for temporary use in high temperature, such as masking of a packaging substrate.
Product & engineering
Understand the product.
Polyimide film is a monorphic polymer and an advanced polymer material.Because it has a very strong molecular structure, its performance is extremely high among many polymers.Very strong, excellent heat resistance, and excellent electrical insulation.In addition, as organic matter has a low rate of expansion relative to heat, even when used at high temperature, the dimension error caused by expansion can be prevented.It is a film that is often used for temporary use in high temperature, such as masking of a packaging substrate.
Selected research
Industry Growth & Trends
Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2032
Market perspective
Polyimide film is a monorphic polymer and an advanced polymer material.Because it has a very strong molecular structure, its performance is extremely high among many polymers.Very strong, excellent heat resistance, and excellent electrical insulation.In addition, as organic matter has a low rate of expansion relative to heat, even when used at high temperature, the dimension error caused by expansion can be prevented.It is a film that is often used for temporary use in high temperature, such as masking of a packaging substrate.
Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) key players include DuPont, Kaneka, SKC Kolon, etc. Global top three manufacturers hold a share over 70%.
Japan is the largest market, with a share about 40%, followed by United States and China, both have a share about 40 percent.
Read the full market overview
In terms of product, Pyromellitic Type is the largest segment, with a share about 80%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Consumer Electronics, followed by Aerospace.
Report Scope
This report provides a structured, data-driven view of the global Polyimide Film (PI Film) market, combining harmonized quantitative metrics with targeted qualitative insight to support business and growth strategy, market positioning, and capital allocation.
The Polyimide Film (PI Film) market size, estimates, and forecasts are presented in terms of sales volume (t) and revenue (US$ million), with 2025 as the base year and historical and forecast data for 2021-2032. The report segments the global Polyimide Film (PI Film) market by Type, Application, region/country, and company, provides regional market sizes at the segment level, profiles the competitive landscape and key players and their market ranks, and reviews technology trends and new product developments relevant toPolyimide Film (PI Film).
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section analyzes the strategies and performance of leading manufacturers in the global Polyimide Film (PI Film) market, including portfolio focus, innovation and product development, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion used to sustain or enhance competitive positions. It also summarizes recent corporate developments and key financial indicators and provides global revenue, price, and sales volume data by manufacturer for 2020-2025, enabling benchmarking of scale, pricing, and market share and supporting assessment of market concentration through indicators such as CR5 and CR10.
Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market by Company
DuPont
Kaneka
SKC Kolon
Ube
Taimide Tech
MGC
I.S.T Corp
Rayitek
Huajing
Shengyuan
Tianyuan
Huaqiang
Yabao
Kying
Yunda
Tianhua Tech
Wanda Cable
Qianfeng
Disai
Goto
Polyimide Film (PI Film) Segment by Type
Pizarro
Biphenyl
Polyimide Film (PI Film) Segment by Application
Aerospace
Home Appliance
Solar Industrial
Mine and Excavation
Polyimide Film (PI Film) Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Polyimide Film (PI Film) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Polyimide Film (PI Film) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Polyimide Film (PI Film).
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Polyimide Film (PI Film) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Polyimide Film (PI Film) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Pizarro
- Biphenyl
Applications
- Aerospace
- Home Appliance
- Solar Industrial
- Mine and Excavation
Companies covered
- DuPont
- Kaneka
- SKC Kolon
- Ube
- Taimide Tech
- MGC
- I.S.T Corp
- Rayitek
- Huajing
- Shengyuan
- Tianyuan
- Huaqiang
- Yabao
- Kying
- Yunda
- Tianhua Tech
- Wanda Cable
- Qianfeng
- Disai
- Goto
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.3 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market by Type
- 1.3.1 Pizarro
- 1.3.2 Biphenyl
- 1.4 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Type
- 1.4.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Historic Market Size Review by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
- 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
- 1.5.1 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.2 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.4 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
2 Global Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Industry Trends
- 2.2 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
- 3.1 Global Top Players by Polyimide Film (PI Film) Revenue (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Top Players by Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Top Players by Polyimide Film (PI Film) Price (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Company, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Company Establishment Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Regional Status and Outlook
- 4.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Historic Market Size by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales in Volume by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales in Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Forecasted Market Size by Region
- 4.3.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales in Volume by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales in Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2027-2032)
5 Polyimide Film (PI Film) by Application
- 5.1 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market by Application
- 5.1.1 Aerospace
- 5.1.2 Home Appliance
- 5.1.3 Solar Industrial
- 5.1.4 Mine and Excavation
- 5.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Historic Market Size Review by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global Polyimide Film (PI Film) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
- 5.3.1 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.2 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.4 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 DuPont
- 6.1.1 DuPont Company Information
- 6.1.2 DuPont Business Overview
- 6.1.3 DuPont Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 DuPont Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 DuPont Recent Developments
- 6.2 Kaneka
- 6.2.1 Kaneka Company Information
- 6.2.2 Kaneka Business Overview
- 6.2.3 Kaneka Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 Kaneka Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 Kaneka Recent Developments
- 6.3 SKC Kolon
- 6.3.1 SKC Kolon Company Information
- 6.3.2 SKC Kolon Business Overview
- 6.3.3 SKC Kolon Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 SKC Kolon Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 SKC Kolon Recent Developments
- 6.4 Ube
- 6.4.1 Ube Company Information
- 6.4.2 Ube Business Overview
- 6.4.3 Ube Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 Ube Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 Ube Recent Developments
- 6.5 Taimide Tech
- 6.5.1 Taimide Tech Company Information
- 6.5.2 Taimide Tech Business Overview
- 6.5.3 Taimide Tech Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 Taimide Tech Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 Taimide Tech Recent Developments
- 6.6 MGC
- 6.6.1 MGC Company Information
- 6.6.2 MGC Business Overview
- 6.6.3 MGC Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 MGC Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 MGC Recent Developments
- 6.7 I.S.T Corp
- 6.7.1 I.S.T Corp Company Information
- 6.7.2 I.S.T Corp Business Overview
- 6.7.3 I.S.T Corp Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 I.S.T Corp Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 I.S.T Corp Recent Developments
- 6.8 Rayitek
- 6.8.1 Rayitek Company Information
- 6.8.2 Rayitek Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Rayitek Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Rayitek Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Rayitek Recent Developments
- 6.9 Huajing
- 6.9.1 Huajing Company Information
- 6.9.2 Huajing Business Overview
- 6.9.3 Huajing Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 Huajing Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 Huajing Recent Developments
- 6.10 Shengyuan
- 6.10.1 Shengyuan Company Information
- 6.10.2 Shengyuan Business Overview
- 6.10.3 Shengyuan Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 Shengyuan Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 Shengyuan Recent Developments
- 6.11 Tianyuan
- 6.11.1 Tianyuan Company Information
- 6.11.2 Tianyuan Business Overview
- 6.11.3 Tianyuan Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 Tianyuan Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 Tianyuan Recent Developments
- 6.12 Huaqiang
- 6.12.1 Huaqiang Company Information
- 6.12.2 Huaqiang Business Overview
- 6.12.3 Huaqiang Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 Huaqiang Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 Huaqiang Recent Developments
- 6.13 Yabao
- 6.13.1 Yabao Company Information
- 6.13.2 Yabao Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Yabao Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Yabao Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Yabao Recent Developments
- 6.14 Kying
- 6.14.1 Kying Company Information
- 6.14.2 Kying Business Overview
- 6.14.3 Kying Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 Kying Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 Kying Recent Developments
- 6.15 Yunda
- 6.15.1 Yunda Company Information
- 6.15.2 Yunda Business Overview
- 6.15.3 Yunda Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.15.4 Yunda Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.15.5 Yunda Recent Developments
- 6.16 Tianhua Tech
- 6.16.1 Tianhua Tech Company Information
- 6.16.2 Tianhua Tech Business Overview
- 6.16.3 Tianhua Tech Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.16.4 Tianhua Tech Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.16.5 Tianhua Tech Recent Developments
- 6.17 Wanda Cable
- 6.17.1 Wanda Cable Company Information
- 6.17.2 Wanda Cable Business Overview
- 6.17.3 Wanda Cable Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.17.4 Wanda Cable Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.17.5 Wanda Cable Recent Developments
- 6.18 Qianfeng
- 6.18.1 Qianfeng Company Information
- 6.18.2 Qianfeng Business Overview
- 6.18.3 Qianfeng Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.18.4 Qianfeng Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.18.5 Qianfeng Recent Developments
- 6.19 Disai
- 6.19.1 Disai Company Information
- 6.19.2 Disai Business Overview
- 6.19.3 Disai Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.19.4 Disai Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.19.5 Disai Recent Developments
- 6.20 Goto
- 6.20.1 Goto Company Information
- 6.20.2 Goto Business Overview
- 6.20.3 Goto Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.20.4 Goto Polyimide Film (PI Film) Product Portfolio
- 6.20.5 Goto Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
- 7.1 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country
- 7.1.1 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.1.2 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.1.3 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 7.2 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country
- 7.2.1 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2.2 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.2.3 North America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
8 Europe by Country
- 8.1 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country
- 8.1.1 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.1.2 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.1.3 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country
- 8.2.1 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2.2 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.2.3 Europe Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country
- 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country
- 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
10 South America by Country
- 10.1 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country
- 10.1.1 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.1.2 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.1.3 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 10.2 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country
- 10.2.1 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.2.2 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.2.3 South America Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
- 11.1 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country
- 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country
- 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Polyimide Film (PI Film) Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.1 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Value Chain Analysis
- 12.1.1 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Key Raw Materials
- 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
- 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 12.1.5 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Production Mode & Process
- 12.2 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 12.2.2 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Distributors
- 12.2.3 Polyimide Film (PI Film) Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
- 14.6 Disclaimer
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