APO RESEARCH · REPORT
Polyester Fiber
Polyester Fiber refers to polyester polymer spun into staple or continuous-filament fibre forms. Fibre orientation, yarn architecture and consolidation turn polymer properties into the textile's tensile, drainage or handling behaviour.

Product & engineering
Understand the product.
Polyester fibers, the synthetic fibers, are long chain polymers derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. They are formed through chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol.
For this subject, the supplied object is polyester polymer spun into staple or continuous-filament fibre forms. Check the architecture before attributing performance to polymer alone. Filament count, twist, crimp, braid angle, bonding or weave determine how fibres share load. For forming and dryer fabrics, permeability and dimensional stability under operating tension must accompany tensile data; an isolated yarn result cannot establish belt performance.
What turns activity into demand
Spinning and textile throughput create demand at the specified denier, filament structure and finish. Drawing and texturing yield determine saleable yarn.
The commercial boundary
Separate staple fiber, intermediate filament, yarn and fabric. Recycled content is a sourcing attribute rather than a visible structure.
When does changing yarn grade fail to improve the textile?
For this subject, the supplied object is polyester polymer spun into staple or continuous-filament fibre forms. Check the architecture before attributing performance to polymer alone. Filament count, twist, crimp, braid angle, bonding or weave determine how fibres share load. For forming and dryer fabrics, permeability and dimensional stability under operating tension must accompany tensile data; an isolated yarn result cannot establish belt performance.
Selected research
Industry Growth & Trends
Global Polyester Fiber Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2032
Market perspective
Polyester fibers, the synthetic fibers, are long chain polymers derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. They are formed through chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol.
China is the largest Polyester Fiber market with about 67% market share. India is follower, accounting for about 9% market share.
The key players are Tongkun Group, Reliance, Zhejiang Hengyi Group, Shenghong, Xin Feng Ming Group, Hengli Group, Billion Industrial, Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group, Nanya, Rongsheng PetroChemical, Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre, Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber, Far Eastern New Century, DAK Americas, Advansa, Lealea Group, Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company, Wellman etc. Top 3 companies occupied about 11% market share.
Read the full market overview
Report Scope
This report provides a structured, data-driven view of the global Polyester Fiber market, combining harmonized quantitative metrics with targeted qualitative insight to support business and growth strategy, market positioning, and capital allocation.
The Polyester Fiber market size, estimates, and forecasts are presented in terms of sales volume (K MT) and revenue (US$ million), with 2025 as the base year and historical and forecast data for 2021-2032. The report segments the global Polyester Fiber market by Type, Application, region/country, and company, provides regional market sizes at the segment level, profiles the competitive landscape and key players and their market ranks, and reviews technology trends and new product developments relevant to Polyester Fiber.
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
This section analyzes the strategies and performance of leading manufacturers in the global Polyester Fiber market, including portfolio focus, innovation and product development, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion used to sustain or enhance competitive positions. It also summarizes recent corporate developments and key financial indicators and provides global revenue, price, and sales volume data by manufacturer for 2020-2025, enabling benchmarking of scale, pricing, and market share and supporting assessment of market concentration through indicators such as CR5 and CR10.
Polyester Fiber Market by Company
Tongkun Group
Reliance
Zhejiang Hengyi Group
Shenghong
Xin Feng Ming Group
Hengli Group
Billion Industrial
Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group
Nanya
Rongsheng PetroChemical
Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre
Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber
Far Eastern New Century
DAK Americas
Advansa
Lealea Group
Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company
Wellman
Polyester Fiber Segment by Type
Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF)
Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY)
Polyester Fiber Segment by Application
Apparel
Industrial and Consumer Textiles
Household and Institutional Textiles
Carpets and Rugs
Polyester Fiber Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries
Key Drivers & Barriers
High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Polyester Fiber market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Polyester Fiber and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Polyester Fiber.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Polyester Fiber manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Polyester Fiber in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
More report detail
Tables and figures
Scope & coverage.
Types
- Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF)
- Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY)
Applications
- Apparel
- Industrial and Consumer Textiles
- Household and Institutional Textiles
- Carpets and Rugs
Companies covered
- Tongkun Group
- Reliance
- Zhejiang Hengyi Group
- Shenghong
- Xin Feng Ming Group
- Hengli Group
- Billion Industrial
- Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group
- Nanya
- Rongsheng PetroChemical
- Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre
- Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber
- Far Eastern New Century
- DAK Americas
- Advansa
- Lealea Group
- Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company
- Wellman
Inside the report.
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition
- 1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
- 1.2.1 Global Polyester Fiber Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.2.2 Global Polyester Fiber Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
- 1.3 Polyester Fiber Market by Type
- 1.3.1 Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF)
- 1.3.2 Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY)
- 1.4 Global Polyester Fiber Market Size by Type
- 1.4.1 Global Polyester Fiber Market Size Overview by Type (2021-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Polyester Fiber Historic Market Size Review by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Global Polyester Fiber Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027-2032)
- 1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
- 1.5.1 North America Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.2 Europe Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.4 South America Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
- 1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Type (2021-2026)
2 Global Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Polyester Fiber Industry Trends
- 2.2 Polyester Fiber Industry Drivers
- 2.3 Polyester Fiber Industry Opportunities and Challenges
- 2.4 Polyester Fiber Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
- 3.1 Global Top Players by Polyester Fiber Revenue (2021-2026)
- 3.2 Global Top Players by Polyester Fiber Sales (2021-2026)
- 3.3 Global Top Players by Polyester Fiber Price (2021-2026)
- 3.4 Global Polyester Fiber Industry Company Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2026
- 3.5 Global Polyester Fiber Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
- 3.6 Global Polyester Fiber Company, Product Type & Application
- 3.7 Global Polyester Fiber Company Establishment Date
- 3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
- 3.8.1 Global Polyester Fiber Market CR5 and HHI
- 3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Polyester Fiber Players Market Share by Revenue in 2025
- 3.8.3 2025 Polyester Fiber Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Polyester Fiber Regional Status and Outlook
- 4.1 Global Polyester Fiber Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Polyester Fiber Historic Market Size by Region
- 4.2.1 Global Polyester Fiber Sales in Volume by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.2 Global Polyester Fiber Sales in Value by Region (2021-2026)
- 4.2.3 Global Polyester Fiber Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 4.3 Global Polyester Fiber Forecasted Market Size by Region
- 4.3.1 Global Polyester Fiber Sales in Volume by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.2 Global Polyester Fiber Sales in Value by Region (2027-2032)
- 4.3.3 Global Polyester Fiber Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2027-2032)
5 Polyester Fiber by Application
- 5.1 Polyester Fiber Market by Application
- 5.1.1 Apparel
- 5.1.2 Industrial and Consumer Textiles
- 5.1.3 Household and Institutional Textiles
- 5.1.4 Carpets and Rugs
- 5.2 Global Polyester Fiber Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Polyester Fiber Market Size Overview by Application (2021-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Polyester Fiber Historic Market Size Review by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.2.3 Global Polyester Fiber Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027-2032)
- 5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
- 5.3.1 North America Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.2 Europe Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.4 South America Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
- 5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Sales Breakdown by Application (2021-2026)
6 Company Profiles
- 6.1 Tongkun Group
- 6.1.1 Tongkun Group Company Information
- 6.1.2 Tongkun Group Business Overview
- 6.1.3 Tongkun Group Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.1.4 Tongkun Group Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.1.5 Tongkun Group Recent Developments
- 6.2 Reliance
- 6.2.1 Reliance Company Information
- 6.2.2 Reliance Business Overview
- 6.2.3 Reliance Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.2.4 Reliance Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.2.5 Reliance Recent Developments
- 6.3 Zhejiang Hengyi Group
- 6.3.1 Zhejiang Hengyi Group Company Information
- 6.3.2 Zhejiang Hengyi Group Business Overview
- 6.3.3 Zhejiang Hengyi Group Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.3.4 Zhejiang Hengyi Group Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.3.5 Zhejiang Hengyi Group Recent Developments
- 6.4 Shenghong
- 6.4.1 Shenghong Company Information
- 6.4.2 Shenghong Business Overview
- 6.4.3 Shenghong Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.4.4 Shenghong Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.4.5 Shenghong Recent Developments
- 6.5 Xin Feng Ming Group
- 6.5.1 Xin Feng Ming Group Company Information
- 6.5.2 Xin Feng Ming Group Business Overview
- 6.5.3 Xin Feng Ming Group Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.5.4 Xin Feng Ming Group Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.5.5 Xin Feng Ming Group Recent Developments
- 6.6 Hengli Group
- 6.6.1 Hengli Group Company Information
- 6.6.2 Hengli Group Business Overview
- 6.6.3 Hengli Group Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.6.4 Hengli Group Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.6.5 Hengli Group Recent Developments
- 6.7 Billion Industrial
- 6.7.1 Billion Industrial Company Information
- 6.7.2 Billion Industrial Business Overview
- 6.7.3 Billion Industrial Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.7.4 Billion Industrial Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.7.5 Billion Industrial Recent Developments
- 6.8 Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group
- 6.8.1 Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group Company Information
- 6.8.2 Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group Business Overview
- 6.8.3 Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.8.4 Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.8.5 Jiangsu Sanfangxiang Group Recent Developments
- 6.9 Nanya
- 6.9.1 Nanya Company Information
- 6.9.2 Nanya Business Overview
- 6.9.3 Nanya Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.9.4 Nanya Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.9.5 Nanya Recent Developments
- 6.10 Rongsheng PetroChemical
- 6.10.1 Rongsheng PetroChemical Company Information
- 6.10.2 Rongsheng PetroChemical Business Overview
- 6.10.3 Rongsheng PetroChemical Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.10.4 Rongsheng PetroChemical Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.10.5 Rongsheng PetroChemical Recent Developments
- 6.11 Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre
- 6.11.1 Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre Company Information
- 6.11.2 Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre Business Overview
- 6.11.3 Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.11.4 Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.11.5 Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre Recent Developments
- 6.12 Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber
- 6.12.1 Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber Company Information
- 6.12.2 Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber Business Overview
- 6.12.3 Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.12.4 Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.12.5 Zhejiang GuXianDao Industrial Fiber Recent Developments
- 6.13 Far Eastern New Century
- 6.13.1 Far Eastern New Century Company Information
- 6.13.2 Far Eastern New Century Business Overview
- 6.13.3 Far Eastern New Century Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.13.4 Far Eastern New Century Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.13.5 Far Eastern New Century Recent Developments
- 6.14 DAK Americas
- 6.14.1 DAK Americas Company Information
- 6.14.2 DAK Americas Business Overview
- 6.14.3 DAK Americas Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.14.4 DAK Americas Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.14.5 DAK Americas Recent Developments
- 6.15 Advansa
- 6.15.1 Advansa Company Information
- 6.15.2 Advansa Business Overview
- 6.15.3 Advansa Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.15.4 Advansa Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.15.5 Advansa Recent Developments
- 6.16 Lealea Group
- 6.16.1 Lealea Group Company Information
- 6.16.2 Lealea Group Business Overview
- 6.16.3 Lealea Group Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.16.4 Lealea Group Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.16.5 Lealea Group Recent Developments
- 6.17 Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company
- 6.17.1 Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company Company Information
- 6.17.2 Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company Business Overview
- 6.17.3 Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.17.4 Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.17.5 Petrovietnam Petrochemical and Textile Fiber Joint Stock Company Recent Developments
- 6.18 Wellman
- 6.18.1 Wellman Company Information
- 6.18.2 Wellman Business Overview
- 6.18.3 Wellman Polyester Fiber Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
- 6.18.4 Wellman Polyester Fiber Product Portfolio
- 6.18.5 Wellman Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
- 7.1 North America Polyester Fiber Sales by Country
- 7.1.1 North America Polyester Fiber Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.1.2 North America Polyester Fiber Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.1.3 North America Polyester Fiber Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 7.2 North America Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country
- 7.2.1 North America Polyester Fiber Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 7.2.2 North America Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 7.2.3 North America Polyester Fiber Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
8 Europe by Country
- 8.1 Europe Polyester Fiber Sales by Country
- 8.1.1 Europe Polyester Fiber Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.1.2 Europe Polyester Fiber Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.1.3 Europe Polyester Fiber Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country
- 8.2.1 Europe Polyester Fiber Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 8.2.2 Europe Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 8.2.3 Europe Polyester Fiber Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Sales by Country
- 9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country
- 9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Polyester Fiber Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
10 South America by Country
- 10.1 South America Polyester Fiber Sales by Country
- 10.1.1 South America Polyester Fiber Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.1.2 South America Polyester Fiber Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.1.3 South America Polyester Fiber Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 10.2 South America Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country
- 10.2.1 South America Polyester Fiber Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 10.2.2 South America Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 10.2.3 South America Polyester Fiber Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
- 11.1 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Sales by Country
- 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Sales by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Sales Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country
- 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
- 11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Polyester Fiber Market Size Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.1 Polyester Fiber Value Chain Analysis
- 12.1.1 Polyester Fiber Key Raw Materials
- 12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
- 12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 12.1.5 Polyester Fiber Production Mode & Process
- 12.2 Polyester Fiber Sales Channels Analysis
- 12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
- 12.2.2 Polyester Fiber Distributors
- 12.2.3 Polyester Fiber Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
- 14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
- 14.2 Research Methodology
- 14.3 Research Process
- 14.4 Authors List of This Report
- 14.5 Data Source
- 14.5.1 Secondary Sources
- 14.5.2 Primary Sources
- 14.6 Disclaimer
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