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Metamaterials are artificially structured, typically periodic or quasi-periodic composite media whose unit cells are engineered on a subwavelength or sub-characteristic-length scale so that their effective electromagnetic, acoustic, elastic or thermal response is dominated by the geometry, topology and arrangement of these “meta-atoms” rather than by the intrinsic properties of the base materials alone. By tailoring the size, shape, orientation and spatial distribution of the structural elements, metamaterials can exhibit effective parameters (such as negative refractive index, extreme anisotropy, near-zero permittivity or permeability, or unusual dispersion and impedance characteristics) that are not readily found in naturally occurring materials, enabling functionalities such as subwavelength focusing, cloaking, vibration and noise control, and unconventional waveguiding over a designed frequency or wavelength band.
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