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Isoamyl alcohol, CAS: 123-51-3. Also known as 2-methyl-1-propanol or isoamyl alcohol, it is an organic compound with the chemical formula C5H12O. It is a volatile, flammable liquid with an alcohol-like odor. Isoamyl alcohol has two stereoisomers: 2-methyl-1-propanol (main component) and 3-methyl-1-propanol. The methods for biosynthesis of isoamyl alcohol are: 1. Fermentation method (extraction from fusel oil) Using grain crops such as wheat and rice as raw materials, the by-product fusel alcohol is obtained by fermentation and wine making, and isoamyl alcohol is obtained by distillation from the fusel alcohol. The advantage of the fermentation method is that it can use carbohydrates such as starch as raw materials and yeast and other strains to directly ferment to produce isoamyl alcohol. However, the fermentation method also has shortcomings. For example, isoamyl alcohol is a by-product of fermentation. Its output is very small and difficult to separate, making it difficult for industrial production. 2. Synthesis via Ehrlich pathway The proteins and amino acids in the raw materials are decomposed under the action of transaminase decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase secreted by yeast, producing long-chain alcohols such as isoamyl alcohol, amyl alcohol isobutanol, propanol, isopropanol, hexanol and heptanol. The advantage of this method is that it can use proteins, other non-carbohydrate substances as raw materials, and improves the utilization range of raw materials. The disadvantages are the same as the fermentation method, that is, the products are complex, the output is small, it is difficult to effectively separate, and it is not conducive to large-scale production, etc. 3. Non-fermentative synthesis method Microorganisms catalyze the substrate α-keto acid under the action of α-keto acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase to produce isoamyl alcohol. 4. Photosynthetic pathway synthesis method Using the Calvin Cycle, photosynthetic microorganisms can fix CO and generate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and then through the sugar degradation pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate generates pyruvate under the action of a series of enzymes or coenzyme factors. Through the metabolic conversion of pyruvate, long-chain alcohols such as isoamyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, and isobutanol can be synthesized. This approach can utilize the photosynthetic carbon fixation of microorganisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while producing excellent biomass liquid fuel isoamyl alcohol, broadening the biosynthetic path of isoamyl alcohol. However, at present, the production and synthesis of isoamyl alcohol through the photosynthetic pathway mainly remains at the level of theoretical research. The main uses of isoamyl alcohol include: 1. Industrial use: As an organic synthesis intermediate, it is used in the production of chemicals such as spices, rubber additives, and plastic softeners. 2. Medical uses: In pharmaceutical preparation, isoamyl alcohol can be used as an intermediate in drug synthesis, and also as a solvent and extraction agent. The pharmaceutical industry is the major driver of the isoamyl alcohol market, besides increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and expansion of pharmaceutical production in emerging countries are driving the demand for isoamyl alcohol. 3. Fragrance: Production of isoamyl salicylate, widely used in soaps and cosmetics fragrances. The perfume and cosmetics industry is also one of the key drivers of the isoamyl alcohol market. 4. Laboratory application: As a solvent, it is often used in chemical experiments and synthetic reactions in laboratories. 5. Mining: Production of xanthate
