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A hydrogen energy heavy truck is an on-road heavy-duty goods vehicle (typically N3 class/≥16 t GVW) that uses hydrogen as the onboard energy carrier to provide tractive and auxiliary power, realized either as a fuel-cell electric truck—comprising compressed-gas or liquid-hydrogen storage (Type III/IV composite cylinders at ~35–70 MPa or cryogenic tanks), a proton-exchange-membrane fuel-cell stack with balance-of-plant (air compressor, humidification, hydrogen recirculation, thermal management), a high-voltage DC link with traction battery for load-leveling and regenerative braking, power electronics, and one or more e-axles—or as a hydrogen internal-combustion configuration using dedicated H₂ injection, ignition, turbocharging/EGR, and NOₓ aftertreatment coupled to a conventional driveline. In both cases the vehicle integrates high-pressure hydrogen piping and valves, pressure-relief and thermal-pressure-relief devices, leak detection and ventilation, and standardized refueling interfaces, with the propulsion architecture defined by hydrogen storage state (compressed or liquid) and conversion path (electrochemical to electric drive, or thermochemical to mechanical drive).
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