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Helium refrigeration system is a closed loop cryogenic plant that circulates helium through compression, heat rejection, purification, regenerative heat exchange and expansion processes to remove heat continuously from a cryogenic load. Its principal equipment includes helium compressors, oil removal and purification units, ambient and cryogenic heat exchangers, a vacuum insulated cold box, expansion turbines or reciprocating expanders, throttling valves, phase separators, distribution valve boxes, transfer lines and process controls. High pressure helium is cooled progressively in counterflow heat exchangers and expanded to generate refrigeration. The cold helium is supplied to superconducting equipment, experimental facilities or other cryogenic loads, after which the returning helium recovers cold in the heat exchangers and reenters the compressor circuit. Systems operating near 4.5 K may produce refrigeration, liquid helium or both. Systems operating near 2 K additionally use subatmospheric pumping, cold compression or related pressure reduction arrangements to maintain superfluid helium conditions. A refrigerator principally transfers heat from an external load while recirculating the helium inventory, whereas a liquefier principally converts incoming gaseous helium into a liquid product.
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