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Cryostat is a thermally insulated low temperature apparatus that maintains a sample, detector, magnet, electronic device, or experimental assembly within a controlled cryogenic environment. It typically combines a vacuum insulated chamber, radiation shielding, thermal anchoring, temperature sensing, temperature control, sample access, and interfaces for electrical, optical, mechanical, or fluid connections. Cooling may be provided by liquid helium, liquid nitrogen, a continuous flow circuit, a closed cycle cryocooler, a dilution refrigerator, or an adiabatic demagnetization stage. Cryostats are used in condensed matter physics, quantum technology, spectroscopy, microscopy, superconducting systems, semiconductor testing, infrared detection, aerospace instrumentation, medical research, and industrial low temperature measurement. The term in this report excludes pathology cryostats used for frozen tissue sectioning.
